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Biomedical subjects

B R Davidson

Publications and source records attributed to B R Davidson.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Longterm follow-up of biliary stents for retained common bile duct stones in elderly patients.

Common bile duct (CBD) stones in elderly patients are best treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES). If CBD clearance cannot be achieved endoscopically a biliary stent may be inserted. Although satisfactory short-term results have been reported, few reports on their longterm outcome are available. Over a 3-year period, January 1987 to December 1989, 100 patients with CBD stones were referred for endoscopic stone removal. In 14 of these patients (3 men, 11 women; median age 83 years, range 79-97 years) the CBD could not be cleared endoscopically and a stent was inserted. Twelve of the 14 patients were jaundiced and 5 had acute cholangitis (AC). The maximum diameter of the retained stones ranged from 10-42 mm with a median of 17 mm. Stent insertion resolved jaundice and sepsis in all cases and all patients were discharged from hospital. In-patient stay ranged from 1-82 days (median 12 days) and was significantly increased by the presence of acute cholangitis (P = 0.03, Mann-Whitney U-test). Longterm follow-up was obtained in 13 of the 14 patients (93%) by referral to their general practitioner and out-patient notes. Seven patients are alive and well (median follow-up 43 months, range 34-60 months). One of these 7 developed further jaundice owing to stent migration and had further ES and stone removal. Six patients died at 1, 3, 12, 32, 36 and 42 months following stent insertion from unrelated causes. One patient developed further AC requiring antibiotic treatment and another patient required stent replacement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Incidence, risk factors, management, and outcome of portal vein abnormalities at orthotopic liver transplantation.

Portal vein thrombosis is often considered a contraindication to orthotopic liver transplantation. We have analyzed the incidence, risk factors, management and outcome of patients with portal vein thrombosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. During the period from October 1988 to October 1992 140 grafts were performed on 132 patients. Fourteen had portal vein thrombosis with either partial (n = 7) or complete (n = 7) occlusion of the portal vein at surgery. Portal vein thrombosis was more common in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (3/5 vs. 11/127, chi 2 = 13.3, P < 0.001), cryptogenic cirrhosis (4/12 vs. 10/120, chi 2 = 7.2, P < 0.01), or those with tumors (6/22 vs. 10/110, chi 2 = 5.7, P < 0.05). In 13 of the 14 portal inflow was reestablished by flushing, balloon thrombectomy, or passage of a graduated dilator. In one patient complete fibrous obliteration necessitated a portal vein to right gastroepiploic vein anastomosis. On follow-up there have been 6 deaths in this group (6/14 = 43%) from recurrent cancer (n = 1), sepsis (n = 4), and cardiac and renal failure (n = 1). Four of these 6 patients had confirmation of PV patency on imaging. The remaining 8 patients are alive and well (median follow-up 37 months, range 6-53 months). Post-transplant portal vein thrombosis occurred in 3 of the 14 patients (21%) with a portal vein abnormality at surgery and in two of the 118 patients with a normal portal vein (3/14 vs. 2/118, chi 2 = 8.5, P < 0.01). Four of the 5 cases were successfully treated by surgical thrombectomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Donor-specific bone marrow infusion after orthotopic liver transplantation.

Donor-specific bone marrow infusion after organ grafting can induce tolerance in animals. In this randomised controlled study we show it has no benefit in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Of 25 patients, 9 received bone marrow 5 days after a 10 day course of antithymocyte globulin. Immunosuppression was maintained with cyclosporin only. An average of 3.0 rejection episodes per patient was seen in the bone marrow group compared to 3.1 in the controls. Chimerism was not found in peripheral blood or bone marrow of recipients using erythrocyte antigen markers, PCR for donor class II DNA or Y-probe in-situ hybridisation in one female recipient of male liver and bone marrow.

Antigens, Differentiation↗
PubMed1994

Abdominal wall haematoma complicating laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Of 61 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 4 (6.25%) developed abdominal wall haematomas. This complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy may occur more commonly than existing literature suggests, and manifests in the post-operative period (days 2 to 6) by visible bruising, excessive pain or an asymptomatic drop in haematocrit. It is readily confirmed by ultrasonography. While no specific treatment is necessary apart from replacement of significant blood loss, the patient requires reassurance that this apparently alarming complication will rapidly resolve.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1994

Outcome of surgery for failed endoscopic extraction of common bile duct stones in elderly patients.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is the treatment of choice for common bile duct stones in elderly patients. For those in whom endoscopic clearance of the common bile duct fails the treatment options include stenting, dissolution therapy and lithotripsy. Surgery is often avoided because of the reported high morbidity and mortality in elderly patients. We have reviewed the outcome of patients referred for surgery after failed endoscopic clearance of common bile duct stones. Over a 3-year period, 100 patients with common bile duct stones were referred specifically for endoscopic clearance of the common bile duct (median age 69 years, range 19-97 years). In seven patients duct clearance was possible without ES and in five patients ES was considered inappropriate. ES was attempted in 88 patients and was successful in 75 (85%). Of the 13 patients failing ES or stone removal, surgery was performed in nine and four were stented. Of patients having successful ES (n = 75), ten were referred for surgery because of incomplete duct clearance. Surgery was performed to obtain duct clearance in 19 patients (eight male, 11 female, median age 77 years, range 47-90 years). Of the 19, eight had previously undergone a cholecystectomy (42%) and 17 of the 19 had biliary tract drainage preoperatively (90%). The procedures performed consisted of choledocholithotomy in all plus cholecystectomy (11), choledochoduodenostomy (7) and choledochojejunostomy (7). There were no deaths and only one major complication. The median total inpatient stay was 26 days (range 14-75 days) and the median postoperative stay was 12 days (range 7-50 days). We would conclude that open surgery can be performed safely and effectively in elderly patients with retained bile duct stones.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Diagnostic value of cytology for biliary stricture.

Over the past 20 years, bile aspiration at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has been developed for cytological diagnosis of biliary tract stricture. This safe and specific test has allowed a diagnosis to be reached before or without operation in about one-third of malignancies of the pancreas or biliary tree. The recent development of biliary brush cytology has produced better results. An endobiliary biopsy forceps is now available that may allow safe sampling of lesions causing extrinsic compression of the biliary tract. An endobiliary aspiration cytology needle has been produced that may permit non-ulcerating lesions to be diagnosed. A safe alternative to endobiliary methods is percutaneous fine-needle aspiration cytology; this yields a diagnosis in about half of patients presenting with obstructive jaundice and an imaged mass lesion.

Bile↗
PubMed1993

Endoscopic extraction of bile duct stones: management related to stone size.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy has become the first line treatment for patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones. This technique may fail, however, due to difficult anatomy, previous surgery, periampullary diverticula or the presence of a large stone. The importance of stone size to the success of endoscopic sphincterotomy has not been fully assessed. A prospective study was carried out over the period January 1987 to December 1989 on 100 patients (45 male, 55 female, median age 69 years, range 19-97) with CBD stones in which a policy of early duct clearance was followed. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed and the stone size and number recorded from the cholangiograms and corrected for magnification. Sphincterotomy was performed using a diathermy unit with a cutting current and stones were extracted using a balloon catheter or a Dormia basket. Of the 100 patients with CBD stones receiving ERCP, successful clearance of the biliary tree was possible in seven without endoscopic sphincterotomy and five were felt to be unsuitable for endoscopic sphincterotomy. Of the remaining 88 patients endoscopic sphincterotomy was successful in 75 (85%). Of the 75 patients having endoscopic sphincterotomy stone clearance was successful in 44 (59%). There were no deaths and only four complications, which rapidly resolved on conservative treatment (two acute pancreatitis, two bleeding). The number of CBD stones present was similar in those patients with successful endoscopic sphincterotomy and duct clearance (median 1, range 1-10, n = 44) as in those in whom it failed (median 2, range 1-6, n = 31). In contrast there was a highly significant difference when stone size was analysed (successful clearance median stone size 10 mm, range 3-27 mm; unsuccessful: median 18 mm, range 10-42, p<0.001). Stones less than 10 mm in diameter (n=21) were all removed successfully whereas in patients with stones over 15 mm (n=25) only three were removed endoscopically (12%). All patients with evidence of residual stones had additional treatment. Of these 31 patients, 10 had surgery, 11 had insertion of an endoprosthesis, and 10 had dissolution treatment with methyl-tert-butyl ether through a nasobiliary catheter. This study shows the importance of stone size to the success rate of endoscopic removal of bile duct stones.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A prospective study of biliary cytology in 100 patients with bile duct strictures.

In patients with obstructive jaundice due to biliary tract stricture a tissue diagnosis is essential because of the varied treatment options available. Radiological imaging of a biliary stricture may suggest that it is malignant, but only a tissue diagnosis can be conclusive. The difficulty of obtaining biopsy tissue has encouraged the use of cytology in this field. This study prospectively analyzed the diagnostic value of exfoliative bile and brush cytology methods. One hundred consecutive patients with biliary strictures diagnosed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (60 men and 40 women; median age = 71 yr, range = 31 to 91 yr) underwent biliary cytology and were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised the first 47 patients, who were studied by means of bile cytology alone; and group 2 comprised the subsequent 46 patients, who were studied by means of bile and brush cytology techniques. Seven patients were excluded from analysis because of inadequate follow-up information. A single experienced cytologist examined all samples to determine whether they were neoplastic. Eighty-one patients had malignant strictures and 12 had benign strictures. Combined bile and brush cytology (group 2) was more sensitive than bile cytology alone (group 1) (69% [27 of 39] vs. 33% [16 of 42], p < 0.01). In the patients studied by means of bile and brush cytology methods (group 2), cytologic study of brushings was more sensitive (69% vs. 26%, p < 0.01). No false-positive results were reported in either group (specificity = 100%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Preoperative imaging of colorectal cancers. Targeting the epithelial membrane antigen with a radiation-labeled monoclonal antibody.

The epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) is expressed by the majority of colorectal cancers but has not previously been investigated as a target for radiation-labeled monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) in the imaging of patients with colorectal cancer. A rat IgG2a MoAb that recognizes EMA, ICR2, was labeled with Indium-111 (100 megabecquerel per milligram [MBq/mg]MoAb) using the bicyclic anhydride of the chelating agent diethylene triamine pentacetic acid (ccDTPA) and was administered intravenously to 22 patients known to have or thought to have colorectal cancer. Daily gamma camera imaging was performed for 3 days during the time between the administration of the radiation-labeled antibody and surgical procedure. At operation, the biopsies were done of the tumors and the normal colon, and the uptake of radiation-labeled MoAb was measured in a gamma well-counter. Immunocytochemistry for EMA expression also was done on resected tumors. Independent unblinded and blinded reporting was done on all scans. The sensitivity of 111In-ICR2 for detecting cancers preoperatively was 80% and 60%, respectively, on unblinded and blinded reporting, and the corresponding specificity 20% and 60%. The low unblinded specificity was attributable to a false-positive localization in severely dysplastic benign tumors (n = 2) and inflammatory tissue (n = 2). Liver metastases present in three patients were cold relative to normal liver. Lymph node metastases were localized in 1 of 6 patients preoperatively. The mean absolute uptake of 111In-ICR2 in tumor tissue was 7.75 +/- 3.77 x 10(-3) percent of injected dose per gram, and the ratio to normal colon was 2.10 +/- 0.92:1. On immunohistochemistry, EMA was expressed by 16 of the 17 primary cancers, both dysplastic adenomas, and all nodal metastatic deposits. EMA-negative tumors (1 cancer + 1 colonic lipoma) had negative antibody scans, and patients whose tumor was negative or only focally positive for EMA expression had lower tumor/normal colon ratios of radioactivity (1.30 +/- 0.26 versus 2.45 +/- 0.65, P = 0.005) on gamma well-counting of excised specimens. These results suggest a possible role for 111In-ICR2 in the detection of colorectal cancer and metastases but not its liver deposits.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Selective use of a right retroperitoneal approach to abdominal aortic aneurysm.

The repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm by right retroperitoneal dissection using a standard midline transperitoneal incision has previously been described but its clinical application has not been evaluated. Over a 14-year period 144 elective abdominal aortic aneurysm grafts were performed by a single surgical firm. Of these, 11 were carried out by a right retroperitoneal exposure (seven men and four women, aged 63-81 (median 70) years). The indications were to improve access for large juxtarenal aneurysms (n = 6) and because of dense abdominal adhesions (n = 3), horseshoe kidney (n = 1) and retroperitoneal fibrosis (n = 1). In each instance, good proximal control of the aorta was achieved. There were no major operative or postoperative complications and all patients were discharged from hospital (median stay 15 days). Follow-up (median 29 months) has revealed no procedure-related complications.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

A rational approach to the terminology of hydatid disease of the liver.

Hydatid disease is one of the most important global health problems. Areas of progress in its management, however, remain unclear due to the incomplete, confusing and conflicting terms which have been used to describe it. To avoid this confusion it is proposed that the management of hydatid disease of the liver should be classified as follows. The hydatid cyst may be described as univesicular, multivesicular or secondary abdominal implantation. The surgical treatment of the cyst may be adequately described as either evacuation, enucleation, pericystectomy or hepatectomy and the method of treating the residual cavity in the liver following surgery as leaving open, suture-closure, closed tube drainage or marsupialisation. This classification is felt to be comprehensive and its application may avoid the confusion which is currently present in the literature on hydatid disease of the liver.

Echinococcosis, Hepatic↗
PubMed1992

Extended transduodenal sphincteroplasty for bile duct stones associated with a periampullary diverticulum.

Extended transduodenal sphincteroplasty has been suggested as an alternative to choledochoduodenostomy for the surgical management of bile duct stones associated with a periampullary diverticulum but its value has not previously been investigated. Over a 3 year period, nine patients underwent extended transduodenal sphincteroplasty for common bile duct calculi associated with a periampullary diverticulum with no operative or post-operative mortality and minimal morbidity. Follow-up ranging from 20 to 60 months has shown remission of pain in all but one patient, who has had a normal endoscopic cholangiogram and no further episodes of jaundice or cholangitis. Extended transduodenal sphincteroplasty is a safe and effective alternative to choledochoduodenostomy for the surgical management of choledocholithiasis associated with a periampullary diverticulum.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Duodeno-jejunal varicosities following extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis.

A 31 year old man, under investigation for melena, was found at endoscopy to have varicosities at the site of a duodeno-jejunostomy which had been performed for duodenal atresia when he was three days old. Angiography revealed an occluded portal vein with an extensive collateral circulation. At laparotomy some of the collateral vessels were found to pass through the anastomotic site and directly into the left lobe of the liver. The portal pressure was found to be minimally elevated. Resection of the anastomotic segment was performed with reconstruction using a Roux en Y jejunal loop. Bleeding from collateral vessels passing through an anastomosis site in a patient with extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis has not previously been reported.

Adult↗