Choice of dentistry as a career and perception of the profession.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
B Peretz
Publications and source records attributed to B Peretz.
The relationship between cervical enamel projection and class II furcation defects in humans.
The purposes of the present study were to examine the frequency of cervical enamel projection in mandibular molars with class II furcation defects and to examine the response of these teeth to guided tissue regeneration procedures. Probing depth and vertical and horizontal periodontal attachment levels were recorded with a constant-force electronic periodontal probe. Following surgical exposure of the bifurcation and prior to membrane placement, the cervical enamel projection was examined and then graded clinically; photographs were taken to allow further examination of the bifurcation. An overall improvement in clinical parameters was observed in most sites. Cervical enamel projection was present in 82.1% of all molars examined. Grade II was the most prevalent (34.8%). Patients with any degree of cervical enamel projection demonstrated significantly higher mean probing depths at baseline than did patients without cervical enamel projection. Likewise, pretreatment probing attachment levels were higher in patients with some degree of cervical enamel projection. However, greater posttreatment horizontal and vertical attachment gains were observed in sites with a baseline cervical enamel projection.
Analysis of Variance↗
Early root resorption of maxillary primary first molars in a child with severe congenital heart disease.
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Bottle Feeding↗
Follow up after root canal treatment of young permanent molars.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the success of root canal treatment in permanent molars of children and adolescents. Twenty-eight endodontically treated first permanent molars of 18 patients aged 8 to 16 years at the time of treatment were examined. The age of the patient at the time of treatment ranged from 8 to 16 years (mean age 12.4 +/- 2.3). The majority of the treatments were done on the mandibular teeth (67%). Nine patients had one treated molar, eight patients had two treated molars and one patient had three treated teeth. None of the patients had all four molars treated. The time elapsed from the root canal treatment until our examination ranged from 24 months to 77 months (mean time 45.1 +/- 19.1). The examination included clinical and radiological parameters as follows: sensitivity to percussion, mobility, quality of restoration (contact point reproduced, overhang, secondary caries), periapical lesions before and after treatment, external root resorption, furcation involvement and interproximal bone resorption. Treatment was considered completely successful if no pathology was found. Only 10 teeth (36%) demonstrated complete treatment success, less than previously reported. No significant differences between mandibular and maxillary teeth were found with respect to any of the variables. The results suggest that considering a number of multidisciplinary criteria for assessing success of root canal treatments in first permanent molars of children and young adolescents is essential, and provides a realistic success rate.
Adolescent↗
Stress levels and related variables among dental students in Jerusalem, Israel.
The aim of the study was to assess levels of stress and associated socio-demographic variables among dental students in their clinical years in the School of Dental Medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah in Jerusalem, and compare the findings with those of a similar study undertaken 10 years previously. The study was carried out among the 4th, 5th and 6th year students because these years involve maximum clinical activity. 112 students out of a population of 120 participated. Students were asked to complete a 17-item anonymous questionnaire composed of items describing potential stressors in the learning environment. The quantitative requirement system per completion of dental procedures received the highest stress scores among all students (3.15 +/- 0.82), followed by 'fear from staying behind peers without being able to catch up'. The lowest scores were given to 'learning new vocabulary as well as new concepts'. These findings were similar to those obtained 10 years ago, despite curriculum and social changes in the interim. Based on the median split of the population, it was found that among the high-stress group, significantly more students evaluated their achievements in school as below average, than did the low-stress group (gamma 2, P = 0.017). The % of students who were parents was significantly higher among the high-stress group, than the others (P = 0.021). Female students reported higher stress in the items comprising 'Clinical work'. The results were similar to those of the previous study, despite curricular changes introduced in the interim.
Adult↗
Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition on behavior is age-dependent in freely moving Aplysia.
The significance of age-dependent changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity level is poorly understood. Reported here is one approach to understand AChE's function as it relates to age: to investigate how inhibition of AChE affects behavior in freely moving Aplysia of two age groups, mature and old. The siphon/gill withdrawal reflex (S/GWR) and gill pumping movement (GPM) were examined to assay the effects of AChE inhibition by BW284c51, a specific and reversible AChE inhibitor. In mature Aplysia AChE inhibition by 2 microM and 5 microM of BW284c51 resulted in a significantly shortened S/GWR duration, and in suppression of habituation and dishabituation. In old animals, AChE inhibition by 2 microM of BW284c51 did not affect S/GWR and only dishabituation was suppressed by inhibition by 5 microM of BW284c51. AChE inhibition reduced the GPM rate significantly only in mature animals. AChE inhibition did not alter the decrement in GPM rate which is regularly observed in both age groups during repetitive exposure to acidified sea water. Thus both S/GWR and GPM were affected by AChE inhibition, and a significant age effect on the two behaviors was observed. Comparisons of the results of AChE inhibition which would elevate acetylcholine (ACh) levels with those of carbachol administration revealed that AChE inhibition affects both cholinergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms underlying the two behaviors.
Acetylcholine↗
Chronic stimulation increases acetylcholinesterase activity in old Aplysia.
In the marine mollusc Aplysia, a reduced level of activity of circulating AChE (acetylcholinesterase) signals the onset of aging [28], as it does in mammals [23,25]. In old Aplysia, coincident with the reduced AChE activity is impaired neuron function [17], which chronically applied sensory stimulation (CSS) improves [35]. As a first step to establish the link between the CSS and improved neuronal function, we investigated if CSS alters the level of AChE activity in old Aplysia. Before and after 4 weeks of CSS of the siphon-gill withdrawal reflex (S/GWR), we measured circulating and neural levels of AChE and behaviors involving the gill in freely moving mature and old Aplysia. Only in old animals did the CSS produce increased AChE activity levels in both the CNS and serum, and the increased levels were correlates of a change in the S/GWR, the behavior elicited by the CSS. This result shows that aging animals are able to up regulate enzymatic activity in response to specific sensory input. It also suggests that age influences how the level of AChE activity responds to persistent changes in sensory input. Parallels exist between the results here and those in higher vertebrates and are discussed.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Relaxation and hypnosis in pediatric dental patients.
Relaxation and hypnosis are methods which, may solve the problem of extreme dental anxiety, when all other methods, behavioral or pharmacological may not be used. A simple definition of hypnosis is suggestion and repetition. Suggestion is the process whereby an individual accepts a proposition put to him by another, without having the slightest logical reason for doing so. Relaxation is one method of inducing hypnosis. A case of using hypnosis on an 11-year-old boy is described.
Child↗
Periodontal status in childhood and early adolescence: three-year follow up.
The 4-year study examined the interrelationship between dental plaque, gingival inflammation and gingival sulcus depth in a 78 children (41 boys, 37 girls, aged 1 to 12 years at initial examination) living in a rural community in Israel. Plaque index (PlI) remained essentially the same throughout the study period for both primary and permanent dentition, while gingival index (GI) and sulcus depth increased (p<0.001 for sulcus depth). Sulcus depth was significantly greater in the older children at each yearly examination (p<0.001). A strong correlation existed between age and sulcus depth at each yearly examination (r=0.644, p<0.001). Comparison of PlI and GI with "delta sulcus" failed to show statistical significance between these parameters. The findings strengthen the hypothesis that the increase in sulcus depth in children and young adolescents is associated primarily with age and to a much lesser degree with inflammatory response.
Adolescent↗
Modification of tooth size and shape in Down's syndrome.
Individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) tend to display a reduction in size of permanent teeth, and reduced intercuspal distances in molars. A total of 51 permanent maxillary 1st molars of 26 DS children were examined from dental casts, 65 permanent maxillary 1st molars of normal children were examined from dental casts of 33 individuals. The following measurements were performed on both right and left molars (teeth 16 and 26 respectively): (1) all intercusp distance (distobuccal, db; distolingual, dl; mesiobuccal, mb; mesiolingual, ml); (2) the db-mb-ml, mb-db-ml, db-ml-mb, dl-mb-db, mb-dl-db, and dl-db-mb angles; (3) the area of the quadrangle shaped by connecting the cusp tips. All the intercusp distances were significantly smaller in the DS group. Stepwise logistic regression, applied to all the intercusp distances, was used to build a multivariate probability model for DS and normals. The mb-dl and mb-ml distances of the upper right molar (tooth 16) were sufficient to discriminate between DS and normal teeth: [table: see text] The probability for DS is higher when mb-ml is relatively higher in the mb-ml/mb-dl ratio. Another logistic analysis based on groups of angles revealed a combination of 3 angles which gave highly statistically significant discrimination between both groups: the mb-db-dl angle was higher in DS, the mb-dl-db angle was slightly smaller in DS, and the mb-ml-db angle was slightly smaller in DS. The dl cusp was located closer to the centre of the tooth. The change in size occurs at an early stage, while the change in shape occurs in a later stage of tooth formation in DS population. Our probability model for DS teeth is simple and practical because it requires only 2 intercusp distances to be put into the formula.
Adolescent↗
Treating dental phobic patients in the Israeli Defense Force.
The present study reports the results of the Israeli Defense Force clinic for dental phobic patients 14 months after its establishment. Thirty four soldiers (26 men, 8 women) attended the clinic, their ages ranged from 19 to 46 years. The patients were asked to complete Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), prior to their first and each subsequent visit to the clinic. A full dental examination, including radiographs, was carried out on each patient, and the DMFT was recorded. The Tell, Show, Do, technique (21 patients), the use of nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation (5), behavioural relaxation techniques (4), and hypnosis (1) were used. Most patients required four sessions or more for treatment. The mean DAS total scores significantly decreased after each visit, as did the mean scores for each question. The mean DMFT, and the D component, were higher than the scores reported previously in Israeli soldiers, suggesting an association between dental phobia, avoidance of dental treatment and higher dental disease. Alleviating anxiety by rational explanation may not be sufficient in all phobic patients.
Adult↗
Tooth rotation and alveolar bone loss.
Tooth rotation and periodontal breakdown has not been thoroughly studied due to lack of quantitative tools. The purpose of the present study was to examine this correlation, with respect to alveolar bone loss, from direct observation of 17 skulls. A photograph of the mandibular occlusal plane was taken from a fixed reference point, and the midcentral fossa and the extreme mesial and distal points of each tooth were marked on the photograph. A computer program established the arch form of each mandibular from the midtooth landmarks. The angle between individual teeth and the arch (at any given point) was calculated. Bone loss, indicated by the distance of the bone crest from the cementoenamel junction, was measured at six reference points around each tooth with a caliper. A positive correlation, through weak, was found between increased tooth rotation and greater bone loss. Mean bone loss of teeth with rotation of 20 degrees and greater was 4.03 mm, while that of teeth with less than 20 degrees of rotation was 3.49 mm.
Adult↗
Confusion as a technique to induce hypnosis in a severely anxious pediatric dental patient.
Hypnosis may be the tool of choice in patients who reject or otherwise cannot receive pharmacological modalities, or behavioral interventions. It is a state of mind in which suggestions are not only more readily accepted than in the waking state, but also acted upon much more powerfully than would be possible under normal conditions. Confusion is one of many techniques, which may aid the practitioner in inducing hypnosis. A case of using confusion to induce hypnosis in an extremely anxious 13-year-old girl in the dental office is presented.
Adolescent↗
Dental anxiety of parents in an Israeli kibbutz population.
The purpose of the present study was to compare the levels of dental anxiety in both parents of children in a kibbutz in Israel. Sixty pairs of parents between 22 and 56 years of age with children aged 1-14 years comprised the study population. The parents were divided into three age groups: 22-34 years, 35-44 years, and 45-56 years. Dental anxiety was assessed by using Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and Kleinknecht's Dental Fear Survey. The mothers showed significantly higher levels of dental anxiety than the fathers. Within the families dental anxiety of husbands and wives were poorly correlated. Mothers in the 35-44-year age group displayed the highest scores of dental anxiety. Among the fathers, dental anxiety was highest in the youngest age group (22-34 years). The mean Corah score for the combined group was much higher than those reported for patients in private clinics in Sweden and in the USA. The results suggest that mothers in their mid-thirties to mid-forties merit special support with regard to the dental situation.
Adult↗
Major recurrent aphthous stomatitis in an 11-year-old girl: case report.
A case of major Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) in an 11-year-old girl is described to illustrate a disease which is relatively rare in children. The patient manifested classic signs of major RAS: painful ulcers, 5-10 millimeters in diameter, present on the lower lip, on the free and attached gingiva, and on the soft palate, lasting over 6 weeks. Familial tendency was evident. Emotional stress is suggested as a possible etiological factor for the occurrence of major RAS in this patient. Disappearance of the ulcers occurred after the stress had been relieved.
Child↗
Dental schools are educational institutions: top priority must be given to teaching and learning.
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Clinical Competence↗
Morphometric variables of developing primary mandibular second molars.
Morphometric variables of second primary molar crowns from birth to completion were examined and measured. An image analysing technique comprising a photographic camera, a monitor, a computer with appropriate software and a digital caliper was used. Strong correlations were found between the 'external' aspect of the crown (mesiobuccal cusp height, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and perimeter), and between all the 'occlusal' measurements of the crown, i.e. all the intercusp distances. However, poor correlations were found between the external and internal measurements of the crown such as the mesiobuccal cusp height and mesiobuccal-mesiolingual cusp-tip distance. It was also found that the mesiobuccal cusp serves as the apex of two triangles, the one formed by mesial cusps, and one formed by the distal cusps. The cusps on the mesial portion of the crown (ML, DB) are on a similar radius from the MB cusp, and the cusps on the distal portion are on a similar radius from the MB cusp. The small sample is a limitation but the results suggest a separate and independent pattern and rate of development of the external and the occlusal morphological variables of the tooth crown. Further research is needed on larger samples.
Humans↗
An unusual hypoplastic premolar: a case report.
This case report describes an unusual hypoplastic maxillary first premolar tooth that was diagnosed radiographically in a 10-year-old boy. The maxillary primary first molar had been extracted. When the tooth erupted the hypoplasia was seen to be confined to the mesial aspect of the tooth. The cause of this unusual distribution was considered to be either infection associated with the mesiobuccal root of the primary first molar or trauma during extraction of the primary tooth. The tooth was restored using dentine adhesive and posterior composite material.
Bicuspid↗