The introduction of Project 2000 in the late 1980s aimed to replace the existing two levels of nurse training with a single level of entry. This entailed phasing out training for enrolled nurses (ENs) and 'conversion' courses were introduced to allow ENs to upgrade their qualification. As part of a larger study of continuing education and training in the National Health Service (NHS), a cohort of ENs taking part in an open-learning conversion course were interviewed. Sixteen nurses described their motives for undertaking the course and the impact of the course on their work and home lives. Data collected in interviews were analysed using qualitative methods and revealed that all of these nurses felt under pressure to take part in the course. Participation in the course was associated with changes in home and work life. The findings of the study have implications in terms of study leave policy.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The dignity of risk and the right to failure: a lesson from patient-focused care.

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Craniocerebral Trauma↗

PubMed1998

An antibody which binds to the membrane-proximal end of influenza virus haemagglutinin (H3 subtype) inhibits the low-pH-induced conformational change and cell-cell fusion but does not neutralize virus.

A monoclonal antibody, LMBH6, was derived from mice which had been sequentially immunized with bromelain-cleaved haemagglutinin (BHA) from influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68, A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Philippines/2/82 (all H3N2). LMBH6 recognizes the haemagglutinin (HA) of all H3N2 influenza A strains tested, which were isolated between 1968 and 1989. HA in the low-pH-induced conformation is not recognized, and cleavage of the HA0 precursor to HA1 and HA2 is needed to obtain efficient binding. Compared to other monoclonal antibodies, binding of LMBH6 to virus and to virus-infected cells is weak, while binding to BHA is comparable. Electron microscopy demonstrates binding to the membrane proximal end of the stem structure. The antibody shows no haemagglutination-inhibition activity, but inhibits polykaryon formation and the low-pH-induced conformational change of BHA. However, LMBH6 cannot prevent infection of MDCK cells but slows the growth of virus when included in a plaque assay overlay.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The relationship between Universal Dental Anchorage System (UDA) pins and the dental pulp chamber, in vitro.

PURPOSE OF STUDY: The Universal Dental Anchorage (UDA) System incorporates the use of pins inserted into enamel and dentine to retain a pontic. The pins are placed horizontally into teeth in the region of the contact area and so are potentially placed close to the dental pulp. This study aims to investigate and measure this relationship to assess if the pulp may be placed at risk during pin hole preparation or UDA pin placement. METHODS: Teeth were assessed radiographically and pins placed according to manufacturer's instructions. The teeth were subsequently sectioned through the pin position and measurements from the pin tip to the pulp chamber made at 4X magnification. RESULTS: In the majority of the teeth the pins were in close proximity to the pulp chamber (mean +/- sd = 0.8 +/- 0.7 mm). Two pins were in direct communication with the pulp chamber. Seven pins were separated from the pulp chamber by only 0.1-0.5 mm and six pins by 0.6-1.0 mm. Three pins were more than 1.0 mm from the pulp chamber. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the use of 2.1 mm UDA pins would, in many cases, represent a risk to pulpal health.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A tough brief.

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Education, Continuing↗

PubMed1997

Under the strain.

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Communicable Disease Control↗