United Kingdom prospective diabetes study. Compliance with diet will affect results.
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Diabetes Mellitus↗
Biomedical subjects
B M Margetts
Publications and source records attributed to B M Margetts.
Coronary heart disease mortality in peninsular Malaysia.
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Adult↗
Effect of family size and income on the biochemical indices of urban school children of Bangladesh.
The relationship between family size and income and the biochemical indices of 242 children (aged from 5 to 12 years) from five schools in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, was investigated. Socio-economic data were collected by questionnaire and blood samples were drawn by visiting each school on a prefixed date. Mean levels of all measures, except for serum zinc, fell within the normal range. Older boys, but not girls (10-12 years of age) had statistically significantly higher haemoglobin, serum protein and serum vitamin A levels compared with those of the younger boys (5-9 years of age). The children were divided into three family size groups (small, up to 4 members; medium, 5-7 members; and large, 8 or more) to investigate the effect of family size on the biochemical data. The children from smaller families showed significantly higher levels of haemoglobin and serum vitamin A compared with the children from large families. For serum protein, copper and zinc, there was no statistically significant difference between the children of different family size groups. To analyse the effect of family income, children were divided into three income groups (low, up to taka 2000; medium, taka 2001-4500; and high, 4501 or more). The children from the low family income group had significantly lower serum protein (7.5 g/100 ml) and haemoglobin (13.4 g/100 ml) levels compared with those of the children from the high family income group (for protein, 7.7 g/100 ml and haemoglobin, 14.1 g/100 ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analysis of Variance↗
The relation of maternal weight to the blood pressures of Gambian children.
The objective of the study was to relate blood pressure levels in children to their mother's weight in pregnancy. The blood pressures of 675 children aged from one to nine years in three villages in rural Gambia were measured. They were matched to antenatal clinic data which had been collected from all pregnant women in the three villages since 1980. Among children under eight years of age those born in the dry season had the highest blood pressures and were heavier. Their blood pressures were positively related to body weight and to mothers' weight at six months of pregnancy. These relationships were independent of mothers' age and parity, birthweight, gestational age, and placental weight. Among older children, aged eight and nine years, those born in the rainy season had the highest blood pressures. Their blood pressures were not related to their mothers' weight at six months of pregnancy. Rather they were inversely related to mothers' weight gain in the last trimester. An interpretation of these findings is that among young children differences in blood pressure are largely determined by rates of maturation. However, the long-term effects of adverse intra-uterine influences which elevate blood pressure become apparent in older children.
Age Factors↗
Relationship between diet and smoking--is the diet of smokers different?
STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare nutrient intakes of smokers, past smokers, and non-smokers. DESIGN: The study was cross sectional and compared nutrient intake by smoking status using data obtained from a concurrent study of diet. SETTING: The study took place in three towns in England: Ipswich, Wakefield, and Stoke on Trent. PARTICIPANTS: Food records were obtained from 1115 men and 1225 women aged 35 to 54 years, representing response rates of 84-86% in the three towns. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Diet was assessed using a 24h food record in household measures. For both men and women vitamin C, total fibre, beta carotene, and vitamin E intakes were lowest in the current smokers and highest in the non-smokers with past smokers having intermediate values. Polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio was lowest in the current smokers. Men who smoked had higher energy intakes than those who did not. The lower fat intakes of beta carotene, vitamin C, fibre, and polyunsaturated fat in the smokers was due to fewer smokers eating a whole range of foods including fruit, wholemeal bread, cereals, and polyunsaturated margarine. Current smokers had a lower body mass index than non-smokers or past smokers despite their higher energy intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers have different nutrient and food intakes compared with past smokers or non-smokers.
Body Mass Index↗
Effect of socio-demographic conditions on growth of urban school children of Bangladesh.
The relationship between socio-demographic variables and growth of 242 school children from five schools in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, was investigated. The socio-demographic data were collected by questionnaire and the anthropometric data were collected by visits to each school on a prefixed date. Children from the high-family-income group showed significantly higher body weight, height, MUAC, SFT, wt/age, and ht/age compared with children from the low-family-income group. When the effect of age, sex, father's occupation and family size were adjusted for by means of multiple analysis of variance, the family income still showed a significant contribution to the variation in the anthropometric indices of these children. These findings suggest that family income makes a significant contribution as a determinant of growth of urban school children in Bangladesh.
Analysis of Variance↗
Do stone formers have lower urinary fibrinolytic activity than controls?
A comparison of urinary fibrinolytic activity between 31 stone formers and 50 controls failed to demonstrate any significant difference and so failed to confirm an earlier independent observation. This may be due to methodological and design differences between the 2 studies, but does suggest reservations about the significance of lowered urinary fibrinolytic activity as a risk factor for renal stone disease. Dietary information from those taking part in the study suggests that a reduction of meat intake by stone formers might be associated with increased urinary fibrinolytic activity. This might account for the discrepancy between the 2 studies, in which case this observation could be of significance.
Creatinine↗
Does a high P/S ratio diet lower blood pressure?
The answer to the question the title of this paper puts is: No a P/S ratio diet alone does not lower blood pressure! Although a number of cross-sectional and other studies do suggest that there is a relationship between P/S ratio and blood pressure it is not possible in these studies to eliminate the potentially confounding effects of other aspects of diet and lifestyle which are also either different or affected by the experiment. Most of the evidence from properly controlled randomised experimental studies do not provide support for an effect of an elevation of the dietary P/S ratio alone on blood pressure. These experiments have been conducted at various levels of total fat intake, across a range of blood pressures (but not very high blood pressures) and for both a short or longer duration. The levels of polyunsaturated fats have also varied from modest increases to quite substantial increases. It is therefore unlikely that aspects of sample selection, range of dietary change or length of observation can account for the failure of these studies to show an effect on blood pressure. From other observational and experimental studies it is apparent that dietary change can affect blood pressure. It may be that combinations of dietary factors need to occur in synchrony to affect blood pressure. It is therefore possible that a high P/S ratio diet in combination with for example potassium, calcium or magnesium or other dietary factors may influence blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Blood Pressure↗
Dietary calcium, physical activity, and risk of hip fracture: a prospective study.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether low dietary calcium intake and physical inactivity are risk factors for hip fracture among subjects aged 65 and over. DESIGN: Fifteen year follow up study of a large cohort of randomly selected elderly people living in the community, who had taken part in the 1973-4 survey of the Department of Health and Social Security, and for whom dietary and other data were recorded at initial interview and medical assessment. SETTING: Eight areas in Britain (England (five), Wales (one), and Scotland (two]. SUBJECTS: 1688 Subjects living in the community, of whom 1419 subjects (720 men and 699 women) agreed to participate. 1356 Subjects completed a seven day dietary record and 983 (542 men and 441 women) agreed to be assessed by a geriatrician. RESULTS: Incidence of hip fracture increased with age and was higher in women than men. Comparison with matched controls showed no evidence that the risk of hip fracture was related to calcium intake: the odds ratio for the lowest third of dietary calcium compared with the highest was 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.1 to 3.9) after adjustment for smoking and body mass index. The adjusted odds ratio for the lowest third of outdoor activity compared with the highest was 4.3 (0.7 to 26.8), and that for grip strength was 3.9 (0.7 to 23.0). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced intake of dietary calcium does not seem to be a risk factor for hip fracture. Further evidence is provided that physical activity in the elderly protects against hip fracture.
Age Factors↗
Muscle strength, activity, housing and the risk of falls in elderly people.
In a national survey in Britain, 983 elderly people randomly selected from eight areas were asked about falls they had had in the past. The independent association of social and physical variables with a history of one or more falls was analysed by multiple logistic regression. Those who had fallen one or more times had reduced grip strength and were less mobile than those who had not fallen. More of them used non-phenothiazine tranquilizers, lived alone, had recently lost weight or were physically disabled. Independent of these influences, a history of having fallen was strongly related to place of residence. Part of this relationship was explained by differences in housing, in particular the percentage of houses without indoor lavatories.
Accidents, Home↗
Comparison of a food frequency questionnaire with a diet record.
The associations between levels of nutrients derived from a 24-hour diet record and a food frequency questionnaire were assessed in a sample of 433 men and women. The food frequency questionnaire was administered three years after the completion of the diet record. Spearman correlations were all statistically significant; they varied from 0.36 for energy to 0.15 for vitamin A. Comparison of distributions into fifths showed few people grossly misclassified. A model was developed to assess the correlations which would be expected under various conditions of within and between subject variance for each nutrient, errors in measurements and drift in intake over time. The best possible correlation that could be obtained using the within and between subject variations in intake previously published, and with no measurement error or drift over time, was 0.60 for energy and 0.34 for vitamin A. Using a realistic measure of measurement error (standard deviation on log scale of 0.12 for diet record method, 0.06 for drift over time and 0.18 for food frequency method) the correlations obtained in the modelling were very similar to that observed. This study shows that it may be appropriate to use a food frequency questionnaire instead of a diet record to estimate intakes in population based epidemiological studies.
Adult↗
Low blood manganese levels in Liverpool children with Perthes' disease.
The aetiology of Perthes' disease of the hip, avascular necrosis of the head of the femur, is unknown. Children with the disease have a generalised abnormality of growth. A similar disproportionate growth is found in chicks given a diet deficient in manganese. In Liverpool, which has the highest incidence of Perthes' disease reported anywhere in the world, children with the disease were shown to have lower blood manganese levels than controls. This is evidence that manganese deficiency around the time of birth may be a cause of Perthes' disease, but the results require confirmation.
Age Factors↗
Diet and inequalities in health in three English towns.
The diets of 2340 middle aged men and women living in three English towns were recorded. Consumption of fat and the other main nutrients was lowest in the northern industrial town, which had the highest death rates from ischaemic heart disease and from all causes combined. The findings suggest that differences in diet in middle age are not a major cause of differences in adult mortality between one part of Britain and another.
Breast Neoplasms↗
A randomized controlled trial of the effect on blood pressure of dietary non-meat protein versus meat protein in normotensive omnivores.
1. A randomized, controlled trial was carried out to examine whether changes in type and amount of dietary protein were responsible for earlier observations of blood-pressure-lowering effects of lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets. 2. Sixty-four subjects were pair-matched for sex, age, weight and sitting systolic blood pressure, and were randomly allocated to receive one of two types of protein supplement: one containing proteins from meat, the other proteins from non-meat sources. The supplements were balanced in terms of other nutrients. Consumption of other meat, poultry or fish was prohibited. 3. Sitting and standing blood pressures, weight, dietary intakes and plasma and urinary electrolytes were measured at regular intervals during the 12 weeks of trial. Urinary 3-methylhistidine was used as a measure of compliance. 4. Fifty subjects completed the trial. There were no statistically significant blood pressure differences between groups either at baseline or at end-of-trial, neither were there any substantive differences in mean blood pressure changes between baseline and end-of-trial. 3-Methyl-histidine excretion was significantly lower in subjects on the non-meat diet. 5. The results suggest that the protein components of the lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet are not responsible for the blood-pressure-lowering effects of that diet.
Adolescent↗
Vegetarian diet in mild hypertension: effects of fat and fiber.
Recently, a relatively small reduction in systolic blood pressure (approximately 5 mm Hg) was estimated to substantially reduce the numbers of major coronary events. The blood pressure reduction is about the same as the difference seen between typical ovolactovegetarians and omnivores. This paper reviews the evidence for the blood pressure-lowering effects of a vegetarian diet on those with elevated blood pressure. It also reviews whether the effect on blood pressure of a vegetarian diet can be attributed either to elevation of the dietary P:S ratio or to fiber intake alone.
Adult↗
Vegetarian diet and blood pressure levels: incidental or causal association?
Evidence that nutrients other than the major cations may influence blood pressure levels stems from studies of acculturated vegetarians and from randomized controlled dietary trials. Earlier studies of vegetarians focused on religious groups and on vegans, making it difficult to know whether their lower blood pressures were due to diet per se or to other aspects of lifestyle. Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians showed significantly less hypertension and lower blood pressures compared with Mormon omnivores, effects which were independent of differences in obesity and not due to altered sodium intake. Subsequently, controlled dietary intervention studies in healthy normotensive omnivores provided more direct evidence for a blood pressure-lowering effect of a lactoovovegetarian diet with reversible changes of 5-6 mm Hg systolic and 2-3 mm Hg diastolic occurring over 6-wk periods. Similar dietary effects in mild hypertensive subjects provides impetus for identifying the responsible nutrients.
Adolescent↗
Nutrient sources in the English diet: quantitative data from three English towns.
Diet records from 2402 middle-aged men and women in three English towns have been used to derive food lists which indicate the percentage contribution each food, or group of foods, makes to the intake of specific nutrients. Comparison of these food lists with those based on the American diet show differences in sources of nutrients; for example, brussels sprouts provide 5% of the vitamin C intake in our English towns, whereas in the US they provide only 0.3%. It would not be appropriate, therefore, to use American food lists in English populations, since important sources of the nutrient may be omitted or non-important sources included. These food lists can be used for English populations as a basis for food frequency questionnaires.
Diet Surveys↗
Diet and renal stones in 72 areas in England and Wales.
Geographical differences in emergency admission rates for renal stones and colic in England and Wales have been shown to correlate with the incidence of renal stones determined from case registers. The rates in 72 areas were related to per capita consumption of different foods, measured from household food purchases. There was an inverse relation with consumption of dietary fibre and all cereal foods. Differences in adult diet are not, however, the major determinants of the geographical variations in renal stone incidence within Britain.
Diet↗