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Biomedical subjects

B L Murphy

Publications and source records attributed to B L Murphy.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Chronic hepatitis B in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni.

A village, 20 miles north of Cairo, with a census population of 2010, was surveyed in 1976 by the Center of Disease Control (CDC) and the Egyptian Ministry of Health for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Ninety individuals (47 males and 43 females were positive for HBsAg (a prevalence rate of 4.5%). Forty-two of the 47 males were the subject of this study. They were admitted to the Naval Medical Research Unit Hospital 2 years later. They all had active Schistosoma mansoni infection. Nineteen of the 42 were carrying HBsAg and the remaining 23 were negative for hepatitis antigen at this time of investigation. Histological examination of percutaneous liver biopsies showed chronic-active hepatitis in five of 17 HBsAg carriers including two with additional cirrhosis. Two others with clinical evidence of cirrhosis could not safely have biopsies taken. Two of these 19 persons died and three became incapacitated over 2 years of further observation. Of the 23 individuals who had transient HBsAg in 1976 and equally heavy S. mansoni infection, evaluation in 1978 showed chronic active hepatitis in one, and at re-evaluation 2 years later, one had become unable to work but none had died. Ten other individuals (military recruits) from different villages of the Nile Valley who had no schistosomiasis but were carriers of HBsAg, were symptom free and liver biopsy showed chronic active hepatitis in one individual and no morbidity or mortality in 2 years. Morbidity of chronic hepatitis B infection in S. mansoni infected persons appears to be unusually severe compared with hepatitis B infection in other populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Transmission of hepatitis B by an oral surgeon.

An outbreak of hepatitis B in southeastern Connecticut was traced to an oral surgeon. In a serosurvey of his 754 noninstitutionalized patients, 511 (68%) participated. The rates of seropositivity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody to HBsAg by year of oral surgery were 4.8% in 1977, 7.4% in 1978, and 14.8% in 1979. The transmission of hepatitis B, as measured by seropositivity, occurred between November 1978 and August 1979; the peak transmission was in February (31.2% seropositivity). Seropositivity was strongly correlated with the extent of surgical trauma (P less than 0.0001). HBsAg subtyping revealed that the oral surgeon and all four subtypable patients demonstrated both d and y reactivity, as did the patient from whom it was most likely the oral surgeon acquired his infection: a mentally retarded patient who had 24 extraction in March 1978. This study demonstrates that the transmission of hepatitis B between dental practitioners and their patients frequently results in subclinical infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The prevention of hepatitis B with vaccine. Report of the centers for disease control multi-center efficacy trial among homosexual men.

A randomized, double-blind, vaccine/placebo trial of the Merck 20-micrograms hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine was done among 1402 homosexual men attending venereal disease clinics in five American cities. Vaccination was followed by only minimal side effects. Two doses of vaccine induced antibody in 80% of vaccine recipients. A booster dose 6 months after the first dose induced antibody in 85% of recipients and markedly increased the proportion of recipients who produced high antibody titers. The incidence of HBV events was markedly less in the vaccine recipients compared to that in the placebo recipients (p = 0.0004). Between month 3 and 15 after the first dose, 56 more significant HBV events (hepatitis, or hepatitis B surface antigen positive, or both) occurred in the placebo group while only 11 occurred in the vaccine group. Ten of the 11 HBV events in the vaccine recipients occurred in hypo- or nonresponders to the vaccine. This vaccine appears to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in preventing infection with hepatitis B virus.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pathogenetic aspects of hepatitis A virus infection in enterally inoculated marmosets.

Experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was studied in marmosets after enteral (intragastric) inoculation with special reference to the primary sites of HAV replication and immunopathology of the disease. The experiment was carried out using 28 Saguinus mystax negative for antibody to HAV (anti-HAV) and with statistically uniform baseline values of serum isocitrate dehydrogenase (SICD) activity. Each animal was infected with 1 ml of a 15% w/v stool suspension that was derived from marmosets infected with the third or fourth passage of the MS-1 strain of HAV. The incubation period measured by the first significant SICD elevation was 32 days in 11 of 13 marmosets. The animals were sacrificed 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 23, 28, and 32 days after inoculation and 1, 4, 8, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after SICD elevation. HAV antigen, immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrin were identified in the liver, eight segments of the gastrointestinal tract, lymphoid system, and kidneys. HAV antigen was found only in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and in gallbladder bile. These findings indicated that the liver was the sole and primary site of virus replication. Combined immunomorphologic and histopathologic observations also revealed that HAV antigen localization was associated with the sites of hepatocellular damage. There was no immunomorphologic evidence for humoral immune clearance of HAV antigen in the liver, lymphoid system, or kidneys.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Hepatitis B viral markers in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan.

The presence of hepatitis B viral markers in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) was studied retrospectively at the Taiwan Veterans General Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. Serum samples from 102 PHC patients and from 100 control individuals were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg), and antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe). Of the 102 PHC patients, 72 (71%) were positive for HBsAg. Nine (9%) additional patients were positive for anti-HBc alone in high titer, 19 (19%) had both anti-HBc and anti-HBs, and 9 (9%) had HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs. In the 100 controls, 12 (12%) were HBsAg-positive, whereas 22 (22%) had anti-HBc alone and 50 (50%) had both anti-HBc and anti-HBs. Only 4 (4%) controls and no PHC patients had anti-HBs alone. Of the HBsAg-positive patients with PHC, 17 (29%) had HBeAg and 36 (61%) had anti-HBe. The alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels above 400 ng/ml were found in 44% of the PHC patients. Values of AFP above 1 x 10(5) ng/ml were more frequently detected in PHC patients who were HBsAg-positive. Categorization of the geographic origins of the families whose members had PHC revealed that most families had originated from southern China. This study confirms that hepatitis B viral markers are frequently present in Chinese patients with PHC.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with antihemophilic (factor VIII) materials: recovery of virus-like particles associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis.

Non-A, non-B viral hepatitis was transmitted to four colony-born chimpanzees by infusion of three lots of antihemophilic factor (factor VIII) implicated in the transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis to two human recipients. All four inoculated animals showed histopathological evidence of viral hepatitis, and all demonstrated significant ALT elevations between seven and one-half weeks after inoculation. Acute-phase plasma from one of the infected chimpanzees (no. 771) was shown to induce non-A, non-B hepatitis in two other chimpanzees approximately three weeks after their inoculation. In addition, an acute-phase open liver wedge biopsy obtained from animal no. 771 was processed and examined by immune electron microscopy (IEM) for virus-like particles with convalescent serum from a serologically confirmed case of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Twenty-five to 30 nm (mean = 27 nm) diameter virus-like particles that were either "full" or "empty" were identified in this liver preparation by IEM. Two additional chimpanzees inoculated with a cesium chloride gradient fraction of an isopycnically banded liver homogenate (animal no. 771) also developed elevated ALT activity two to two and one-half weeks later. Our findings have experimentally verified that commercially produced factor VIII materials can induce non-A, non-B hepatitis in champanzees and that the disease can be subpassaged in these animals by inoculation of either acute-phase plasma or liver. These results also provide evidence for the association of 27 nm-diameter virus-like particles with non-A, non-B viral hepatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Stability of a reference panel of lyophilized hepatitis B antigens and antibodies.

A lyophilized hepatitis B working/reference panel has been prepared for use in standardization tests. This panel includes HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg/anti-HBe and subtype reagents. Quantitative analysis of the HBsAg reagents indicates that at a storage temperature of -20 degrees C, only 1 log at maximum of RIA counts per minute would be lost in 95 years. After storage at -20 degrees C for 1 year, there has been no loss of reactivity in any of the tests used to detect HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg/anti-HBe or subtypes.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Progression of aortic stenosis.

We assessed progressive stenosis of the aortic valve in 11 adult patients (mean age of 48 years) with aortic stenosis who had undergone two cardiac catheterizations without intervening aortic valve surgery. The mean time between cardiac catheterization was 59 months (range 20 to 133). No patients had mitral valve disease. Two patients had coronary artery disease. The results showed that progressive stenosis of the aortic valve occurred in 10 of 11 patients with a significant decrease in the calculated mean aortic valve area from 1.2 +/- 0.2 sq cm to 0.7 +/- 0.1 sq cm (P less than 0.005); a significant increase in mean left ventricular peak systolic pressure from 149 +/- 8 mm Hg to 199 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), and a significant increase in mean left ventricular aortic pressure gradient from 31 +/- 4 mm Hg to 75 +/- 13 mm Hg (P less than 0.005). On an individual basis, the change in left ventricular pressure and the left ventricular-aortic gradient did not always reflect the decrease in aortic valve area because of variations in cardiac output. The shortest period of time in which progression of aortic stenosis occurred was 27 to 29 months. Thus, progressive stenosis of the aortic valve occurs in adults with isolated aortic valvular stenosis. Significant decrease in the aortic valve area can develop in as short a period as 27 to 29 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of a finger prick blood collection method for the seroepidemiology of hepatitis B.

A finger prick-swab method of blood specimen collection was qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the conventional venipuncture method for HBsAg and anti-HBs determinations by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The new method consisted of pricking the finger, collecting 0.1-0.2 ml of blood with a cotton-wool swab, and eluting the swab in 1 ml of 1% bovine albumin in saline containing 0.1% sodium azide. Using chimpanzees seropositive for HBsAg or anti-HBs, comparisons were made of RIA results of: (a) whole blood, haemolysed blood, serum, and plasma; (b) paired finger prick samples and serum; (c) dilutions of finger prick samples and serum; and (d) different volumes of blood on swabs. Field studies were carried out at two institutions where hepatitis B was hyperendemic to compare results from paired finger prick and serum specimens assayed by the RIA and haemagglutination techniques. The laboratory studies showed that swab RIA values for anti-HBs were significantly lower than serum values and that for HBsAg, swab values were significantly higher than serum values. In HBsAg tests, the field studies showed 100% agreement between the two methods; in anti-HBs tests, the finger prick method showed 85% agreement with positive sera. Because of the logistics of collecting and processing blood serum, the finger prick-swab technique may be a valuable aid in large-scale seroepidemiological surveys for hepatitis B.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

Radioimmunoassay for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAG) and antibody (anti-HBe).

A solid phase micro-immunoradiometric assay (micro-SPIRA) for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody has been developed. Chimpanzee anti-HBe/2 was developed by repeated immunizations with purified antigen containing HBeAg/1 and HBeAg/2. An anti-HBe/2 titer of 1:4 was determined by immunodiffusion (ID) analysis. Anti-HBe/1 was not detected. The anti-HBe IgG used in the assay was purified from plasma by a combination of DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography. The sensitivity of the micro-SPIRA for antigen and antibody was 193 ng/ml and 65 ng/ml, respectively. By comparing relative endpoint titers obtained by ID to micro-SPIRA, it was determined that micro-SPIRA for antigen and antibody is 320 and greater than 1300 times more sensitive, respectively, than ID. The specificity of the assay was ascertained by the examination of various non-B specimens. The application of the assay to a panel of 50 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive specimens resulted in an increase in positivity of 18% for antigen and 22% for antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Behaviour of e antigen and antibody during chronic active liver disease. Relation to HB antigen-antibody system and prognosis.

Serial determinations of e antigen and e antibody were made in 20 patients with chronic active liver disease and hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody (anti-HBs). The presence of e antigen was associated with failure to clear HBsAg, produce anti-HBs, or respond to treatment with steroids. It is proposed that the presence of the e antigen is associated with impaired host immune responses to hepatitis-B virus infection and a poor prognosis.

Adolescent↗