Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

B Koletzko

Publications and source records attributed to B Koletzko.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Do trans fatty acids impair linoleic acid metabolism in children?

Trans isomeric fatty acids disturb the metabolism of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in animals and in premature infants. We assessed whether similar effects may also occur in healthy children. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition was analysed in 53 apparently healthy children aged 1-15 years (mean 7.5 years). Trans fatty acids were found in all samples and contributed 1.78 +/- 0.10% (w/w, mean +/- SEM). There was no relation of the major trans isomer octadecenoic acid and of total trans fatty acids to the precursor essential fatty acid linoleic acid. In contrast, we found significant inverse correlations of trans octadecenoic acid and total trans isomers to the principal n-6 metabolite arachidonic acid as well as to the sum of all n-6 metabolites. Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation of total trans fatty acids to the ratio of arachidonic to linoleic acid, an indirect indicator of linoleic acid conversion. These findings are compatible with inhibition of arachidonic acid biosynthesis by trans fatty acids. Since the availability of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, is of essential importance for tissue growth and development, these findings question the safety of high dietary trans fatty acid intakes in childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Prevention of neural tube defects by folic acid administration in early pregnancy. Joint recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Human Genetics, Pediatrics. Society of Neuropediatrics].

OBJECTIVE: Is folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects effective? How could periconceptional folic acid supplementation be recommended in Germany and actually put into practice? METHODS: Analysis of the available literature and of the German health care system. RESULTS: According to the available data, it is likely that the rate of neural tube defects can be reduced by periconceptional folic acid. Matters of concern regarding its practical implementation are: difficulties regarding the information of the target group; the presently rare ingestion of vitamin supplements by women of child-bearing age in Germany; the lack of suitable folic acid preparations. CONCLUSIONS: Several German societies have recommended folic acid supplements for women who plan to become pregnant: 4 mg for those at high risk (previous child with neural tube defect) and 0.4 mg/daily for women without a particular risk.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1995

Vitamin E status of low birthweight infants fed formula enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

It is recommended in Europe that low birthweight infants (LBWI) who do not receive human milk (HM) should be fed formula enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP). The question has been raised whether LCP supplementation to LBWI formula may have adverse effects on antioxidant status in the recipient infant, particularly on the major lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, alpha-toc.). We studied alpha-toc. status in LBWI fed HM (n = 15) or formula either without (f, n = 8) or with LCP derived from egg lipids and fish oil (LCP-F, n = 9) on days 4 and 21 of life. Plasma alpha-toc. concentrations increased significantly in infants fed HM [d. 4: 4.53 (1.31), d. 21: 6.35 (2.18), mg/l, mean (SD), p < 0.01], whereas there were no changes in infants fed F of LCP-F. Plasma alpha-toc./total lipid ratios and erythrocyte membrane alpha-toc. concentrations did not change significantly between days 4 and 21 in either group. In contrast, erythrocyte membrane alpha-toc./total lipid ratios decreased significantly in infants fed LCP-F [0.42 (0.13) vs. 0.31 (0.06), p < 0.05], whereas no change occurred in the other two groups. We conclude that an LCP supplementation based on egg lipids and fish oil to formula may induce an early postnatal decrease of alpha-toc./total lipid ratios in erythrocyte membranes of LBWI. Therefore, the effects of different forms of LCP supplementation to infant formula on infantile vitamin E status should be carefully evaluated.

Erythrocyte Membrane↗
PubMed1994

[Recurrent D-lactic acidosis with encephalopathy in a boy with short-bowel syndrome].

For two years after surgical small-intestine duplication a 9-year-old boy with the short bowel syndrome had recurrent acidosis which caused severe failure to thrive. During the acidotic crises he had behavioural disorders, unsteady gait, indistinct speech, lid raising weakness with vision paresis and occasional somnolence. These signs disappeared after the aciduria had been treated with high doses of bicarbonate. D-lactic acidosis was finally diagnosed by simultaneously determining D-lactate (8.9 mmol/l [normal < 0.5]) and L-lactate (1.4 mmol/l [normal < 1.78]) during an episode of aciduria (pH 7.3, base excess -11.8 mmol/l). Further acidotic crises were prevented by a carbohydrate-modified diet, on which he gained 8 kg in one year.

Acidosis, Lactic↗
PubMed1994

Fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes in healthy subjects from birth to young adulthood.

The fatty acid (FA) composition of plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol esters (STE) was determined by high resolution capillary gas-chromatography in 115 apparently healthy subjects from birth to young adulthood. After birth, percentage contributions of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid increased, whereas long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased in all FA fractions. No difference in plasma FA composition was seen between groups of children aged 1-< 5, 5-<10 and 10-<15 years, except for a decrease of total saturated FA in STE between 1-<5 years (18.5%, wt/wt) and 10-<15 years (14.5%, P < 0.005). No difference was observed for the values of boys and girls. The results on plasma lipid FA distribution in children aged 1-15 years may be used as reference values for metabolic and nutritional investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant nutrition.

The availability of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP), such as arachidonic (C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3) acids, is important for early human growth and development. The capacity for endogenous synthesis of LCP from the precursor fatty acids linoleic (C18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic (C18:3n-3) acid is limited in preterm and probably also in term infants. In utero, LCPs seem to be transferred preferentially from the mother to the foetus by the placenta. After birth, breast-fed infants receive preformed dietary LCP with human milk. In contrast, most current infant formulae are devoid of LCP. Premature infants fed such formulae develop rapid LCP depletion of plasma and tissue lipids, which is associated with reduced visual acuity during the first postnatal months. Therefore, LCP enrichment of formulae for premature infants is desirable. Recent observations indicate that term infants fed conventional formulae also exhibit lower plasma LCP values and may show functional disadvantages, but these data require further confirmation prior to drawing definite conclusions.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1994

Committee report: childhood diet and prevention of coronary heart disease. ESPGAN Committee on Nutrition. European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.

Coronary heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe, particularly northern, central, and eastern Europe. Several strategies have been recommended for children and adolescents to promote a healthy lifestyle and thereby reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in later life. The European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN) Committee on Nutrition reviewed some of these strategies, and our conclusions and recommendations are reported herein.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The fatty acid composition of human milk in Europe and Africa.

The fatty acid composition of human milk is often used as a model for artificial feeding, but it may vary with maternal diet. We reviewed 14 studies from 9 European countries and 10 studies from 7 African countries on fatty acids in mature human milk. Considering the marked differences in methods and dietary composition in different parts of Europe and Africa, average milk fatty acid composition data are surprisingly consistent. The diet of lactating women apparently influences, to a certain extent, the milk content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid (18:2n-6). However, different self-selected diets in different geographic locations seem to have little effect on the milk content of 20 and 22 carbon long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP), with the exception of relatively high n-3 fatty acids in the milk of African women consuming a large proportion of dietary fat from sea fish. Even then, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), and not eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), remains the predominant n-3 LCP in milk. Rural African women consuming little animal fat tend to have high milk contents of n-6 LCP. Thus the milk secretion of n-6 LCP does not appear to depend on maternal dietary intake of preformed LCP. Metabolic processes appear to be important in regulating human milk LCP.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Trans fatty acids may impair biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturates and growth in man.

Human diet contains large amounts of trans fatty acids originating primarily from hydrogenated fats. Consumption of trans fatty acids is considered safe for man, but side effects, including impaired biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms and reduced growth have been observed in animals. We studied whether or not there are indications of untoward effects of trans fatty acids in 29 premature infants (birth weight 1700 +/- 127 g, gestational age 33.6 +/- 1.4 weeks, mean +/- SD). Plasma samples obtained on day 4 of life were analysed for fatty acid composition. Trans octadecenoic acid and total trans fatty acids in plasma lipid fractions (% wt/wt) were not related to the precursor essential fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids but correlated inversely to n - 3 and n - 6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and to the product/substrate ratios of long-chain polyunsaturate biosynthesis. Trans fatty acids were also inversely correlated to birth weight but not to gestational age. These data indicate a potential impairment of essential fatty acid metabolism and early growth by trans isomers in man, and question the safety of high dietary trans isomer intakes during pregnancy and the perinatal period.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1992

Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents.

In patients with severe genetic hypercholesterolemia, therapeutic reduction of elevated serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol should begin in early childhood to lower the risks of cardiovascular disease later in life. We evaluated the effects of outpatient therapy with diet alone and with combined diet and drug therapy in children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia of apparent dominant inheritance. Serum lipid values before and during dietary treatment were available in 35 patients (mean age at start of treatment 7.9 years, range 2.0-17.6 years) followed for an average duration of 17.5 months (range 4-70 months). A comparison between untreated state and combined therapy with diet and cholestyramine was possible in 14 patients (mean age 8.6 years, range 2.4-17.0 years) followed for 27.9 months (range 4-97 months). Dietary modification achieved by repeated counseling and training lowered serum total cholesterol by mean (+/- SE) 11.7 +/- 1.9% (p < 0.0001) and LDL cholesterol by 17.3 +/- 3.5% (p < 0.0001). However, five of 35 patients did not show an appreciable effect of therapy (cholesterol reduction < 5%), possibly because of non-compliance. Diet combined with cholestyramine in an average dose of 0.36 g/kg body weight/day reduced total cholesterol by 33.0 +/- 2.4% (p < 0.0001) and LDL cholesterol by 37.5 +/- 4.3% (p < 0.0001) and was effective in all patients. Both forms of treatment had no effect on serum triglycerides and HLD cholesterol. No serious side effects were noted, and percentile values for weight and height remained unchanged in all but three obese children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗