Assessment of a technological package using a predictive tool.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to B Jennett.
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Head injuries are major cause of death and disability under the age of 45 years even in developing countries. Mortality and morbidity are frequently due to avoidable secondary brain damage in patients whose initial injury was not very severe. Optimal care depends on neurosurgeons defining clear management policies for injuries of all severities so that other surgeons know which patients need neurosurgical care and know how to deal with the others. More patients need to go to neurosurgeons; only specialized centers dealing with many cases can develop advanced clinical skills and have the capability to carry out major clinical research. In the competitive world of high technology medicine neurosurgery needs to deliver good care for head injuries in the community as a whole if it is to attract substantial support.
Aspects of reliability and validity of the Glasgow Outcome Scale were studied by examining outcome scale categories and cognitive test scores in 57 patients with severe closed head injury seen within 2 years of injury. Inter-rater reliability of a three and six point scale was high. The three point scale, unlike the six point, showed a significant statistical association with cognitive test scores. The relationship between test score and outcome category was accurate within the first 3 months of injury, but considerably less so thereafter.
The overall objective of head injury care is to minimize the occurrence of avoidable mortality and morbidity. Most avoidable mortality is due to delayed diagnosis and management of intracranial hematoma or the overlooking of systemic extracranial events. Most avoidable morbidity is in mild and moderately disabled patients. Overall too much attention has probably been paid to very severely injured patients both in the acute stage and during rehabilitation.
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One hundred and fifty patients with chronic subdural haematoma were studied with respect to clinical features, investigation and outcome. Those patients aged 65 years and over did not differ significantly in either outcome or clinical features from the rest. The outcome in this series of patients, managed after CT scanning became the standard method of investigation, was no better than in previous studies. The only factor which did influence outcome was the level of responsiveness on admission. The overall mortality in this study was 6 per cent. CT scanning does not therefore result in improved results in patients with chronic subdural haematoma; this may rather depend upon better selection of patients for CT scanning.
High technology--complex, expensive, restricted in availability, and requiring some form of explicit rationing--is bound to influence the medical task. Diagnosis, prognosis, decision, and management have all incorporated high technology, changing the hospital physician's role from one of private contractor to one of team member. Attitudes toward the balance between burden and benefit of high technology are as varied as are the conflicting vested interests among patients, professionals, society, industry, and government. Above all, it will take time for both patients and professionals to learn how to redefine expectations in a changing relationship.
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