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Biomedical subjects

B Jackson

Publications and source records attributed to B Jackson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

A selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist reduces food consumption in male and female rats.

A variety of evidence implicates the orexins, especially orexin-A, in the regulation of food intake, but it has not been established whether this effect is mediated by the orexin-1 or orexin-2 receptor. In the present study, a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist, 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-[1,5]naphthyridin-4-yl urea hydrochloride (SB-334867-A), was administered intraperitoneally to rats under various conditions, and food consumption was subsequently measured over 24 h. In male rats, a single dose of SB-334867-A (30 mg/kg, i.p.) given during the light phase reduced both orexin-A-induced food intake (7 nmol, i.c.v.) and feeding stimulated by an overnight fast for 4 h. When given at the start of the dark phase, food consumption was reduced in both male and female rats over 24 h. Daily injections at the start of the dark phase for 3 days reduced natural feeding in male rats over 24 h on days one and three. These findings demonstrate direct inhibition of orexin-A induced food intake with a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, the suppression of nocturnal feeding and food intake stimulated by an overnight fast supports other evidence that orexin-A is involved in the regulation of natural feeding and suggests that orexin-1 receptor antagonists could be useful in the treatment of obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Egalitarian consultation meetings: an alternative to received wisdom about clinical supervision in psychiatric nursing practice.

Clinical supervision (CS) has become a watchword for psychiatric nursing. Yet, there are contradictions and controversies in academic and professional discourse in relation to the nature of CS, both structure and process, its effectiveness and how this is ascertained, the preparation of supervisor and supervisee, and the quality of the supervisory relationship. The perception of such discord encouraged the authors of this paper to step outside the debate and enact a different kind of CS, which came to be known as egalitarian consultation (EC). Egalitarian consultation meetings (ECMs) were established with the postmodern turn in psychiatric nursing as a reference point. A space was created in which participants could construct their particular version of CS. The authors and six G-grade community psychiatric nurses engaged with each other for six videotaped meetings. The data from the recordings were analysed using a hermeneutic grounded theory approach (Strauss & Corbin 1994), in keeping with the style of the research, which combined the roles of researcher and practitioner for the authors. The aim was to produce local knowledge of CS. The ECMs were characterized by a sense of freedom in relation to existing rules about hierarchy and truth. The participants, each as expert in her/his own case world, produced engrossing narratives about and for practice. The group developed a cohesiveness based in closeness and this encouraged radical talk and action--a questioning of practice systems. However, for some group members, radical equated to dangerous in terms of the watchful organization and a return to 'real' work (case supervision) was observed. Innovation in relation to CS may benefit from a change in institutional culture.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Hypocholesterolaemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of tetra-iso-propyl 2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-1,1-diphosphonate (SR-9223i).

Tetra-iso-propyl 2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-1,1-diphosphonate (CAS 126411-13-0, SR-9223i) is a member of a new class of compounds with multiple antiatherosclerotic activities. This report not only describes the cholesterol-lowering properties in four species of animals fed normocholesterolaemic diets but also reductions in lipid deposition in the arteries of cholesterol-fed New Zealand white rabbits following the administration of SR-9223i. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced in mice by 27% (200 mg/kg/day administered in the diet for 10 days), in hamsters by 33% (200 mg/kg/day administered in the diet for 8 days), in dogs by 16% (25 mg/kg/day p.o. for 28 days) and 23% (75 mg/kg/day p.o. for 28 days) and in monkeys by 22% (25 mg/kg/day p.o. for 28 days). Further, the deposition of cholesterol, especially in the esterified form, in the aortae of cholesterol-fed New Zealand white rabbits was inhibited by SR-9223i (50 and 100 mg/kg/day p.o.). At the higher dose, the cholesteryl ester content of the aorta was half that of control animals. SR-9223i, at both doses, also inhibited the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver. SR-9223i has been shown to suppress HMG CoA reductase activity, inhibit ACAT activity and prevent lipid oxidation. These activities, demonstrated in vitro, have now been shown to translate into lipid lowering and antiatherosclerotic activities in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Partnering with African American churches to achieve better health: lessons learned during the Black Churches United for Better Health 5 a day project.

African Americans (AAs) are at increased risk for many diseases, including cancer, but health promotion efforts often fail to reach them. Effective partnerships can be established with African American churches to deliver health-based interventions. In an NCI-funded study aimed at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among rural AAs, investigators at three academic institutions and the North Carolina State Health Department partnered successfully with 50 churches to promote dietary change. This study adds to the increasing body of research in support of the African American church as an able partner in delivering health-based interventions. In conducting interventions and research through this channel, the health professional should gain support from regional secular associations; respect the power of the pastor; incorporate the strengths of the congregation; respect the mission of the church; establish open communication and develop trust; provide ample support and training to assure fidelity to interventions and integrity of data; and be patient and persevere.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2000

Expression of a retinoid-inducible tumor suppressor, Tazarotene-inducible gene-3, is decreased in psoriasis and skin cancer.

Tazarotene-induced gene-3 (TIG-3), isolated from human keratinocytes treated with the retinoic acid receptor-selective retinoid Tazarotene, is homologous to H-rev, a class II tumor suppressor. TIG-3 gene localized to chromosome 11q23, a site of loss of heterozygosity in several malignancies. Retinoids influence epidermal differentiation and are used to treat and prevent skin cancer. Therefore, we studied TIG-3 mRNA expression in psoriasis and in basal and SCCs by in situ hybridization and a quantitative QT-RT-PCR assay. Psoriasis lesions had significantly lower staining (median, 3) than paired normal control skin (median, 4; P = 0.012). TIG-3 mRNA was significantly higher in normal control skin (P = 0.001), in paired adjacent skin (median, 3; P = 0.007), and in overlying epidermis (median, 3.0; P = 0.0001) than in 21 SCC specimens as a group (median, 1.5).

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The contribution of assay variation and biological variation to the total variability of plasma HIV-1 RNA measurements. The Women Infant Transmission Study Clinics. Virology Quality Assurance Program.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the specific contributions of assay variation and biological variation to the total variation of plasma HIV-1 RNA measured by the Roche Monitor assay and the extent to which batch assays reduced both assay variability and total variability compared with real-time determinations. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of data obtained from three trials conducted by the Adult and Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Groups (ATCG), the Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS) and the NIAID-sponsored Virology Quality Assurance Program. METHODS: Within-subject variation was assessed from stored, serially collected plasma samples from 663 subjects enrolled in the ACTG and WITS studies. Interassay and intra-assay variation were estimated from two of the clinical trials and 22 laboratories that participated in a quality assurance program and were used to estimate the effect of real-time testing on total variation. RESULTS: The total variation (standard deviation) from a random effects model was 0.26 log10 RNA copies/ml. The estimated interassay variation was 0.08 log10 and intra-assay variation was 0.12 log10 RNA copies/ml. Biological variation accounted for 56-80% of total variation. The effect of real-time testing compared with batch testing was minimal. CONCLUSION: Our estimates of total within-subject HIV-1 RNA variation support the current recommendation to obtain at least two specimens, preferably obtained less than 2 weeks apart, for viral RNA measurement before starting therapy. The major contribution of biological variation to the total variation supports the use of real-time HIV-1 RNA assays, provided that consistent specimen collection procedures are followed and acceptable assay proficiency is maintained.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Maternal levels of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and the risk of perinatal transmission. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The importance of plasma levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in pregnant women in relation to the other factors known to influence the risk of transmission of infection to their infants is incompletely defined. We studied the relation of maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA levels to the risk of perinatal transmission and the timing of transmission. METHODS: We measured plasma HIV-1 RNA serially in 552 women with HIV-1 infection who had singleton pregnancies. The status of infection in their infants was assessed by culture of blood and further classified as early (if a culture of blood obtained within the first two days of life was positive) or late (if a culture of blood obtained in the first seven days of life was negative but subsequent cultures were positive). The rates of transmission at various levels of maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA were analyzed by tests for trend, with adjustment for covariates by stratification and logistic regression. RESULTS: Increasing geometric mean levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA were associated with increasing rates of transmission: the rate was 0 percent among women with less than 1000 copies per milliliter (0 of 57), 16.6 percent among women with 1000 to 10,000 copies per milliliter (32 of 193), 21.3 percent among women with 10,001 to 50,000 copies per milliliter (39 of 183), 30.9 percent among women with 50,001 to 100,000 copies per milliliter (17 of 55), and 40.6 percent among women with more than 100,000 copies per milliliter (26 of 64) (P<0.001). The treatment status of one woman was unknown. The highest rate of transmission was among women whose plasma HIV-1 RNA levels exceeded 100,000 copies per milliliter and who had not received zidovudine (19 of 30 women, 63.3 percent). Neither higher HIV-1 RNA levels early in pregnancy nor higher levels late in pregnancy were associated with the timing of infection in the infants. CONCLUSIONS: In pregnant women with HIV-1 infection the level of plasma HIV-1 RNA predicts the risk but not the timing of transmission of HIV-1 to their infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effects of single and chronic intracerebroventricular administration of the orexins on feeding in the rat.

Two novel hypothalamic neuropeptides, orexin-A and -B, are suggested to regulate feeding. A single intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-A (23.4 nmol), administered 3 h into the light phase, increased feeding in satiated rats and prolonged feeding in fasted rats; it also increased feeding when given 6 h into, but not at the start of, the dark phase. An 8-day intracerebroventricular infusion with orexin-A (18 nmol/day) increased daytime feeding on days 2 and 8, but nocturnal feeding was reduced and there was no change in 24 h intake. Orexin-B had no effects. These results demonstrate a circadian variation in feeding responses to orexin-A.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Varying the message source in computer-tailored nutrition education.

The effect of message source on message recall and perceived credibility was examined in a randomized study comparing two different computer-tailored bulletins promoting fruit and vegetable consumption among rural African American church members. An expert oriented (EXP) bulletin was compared with a spiritual and pastor-oriented (SPIR) bulletin and a control group. Both bulletins had the same format and used an identical set of dietary and psychosocial variables for tailoring. At follow-up, the majority of both intervention groups recalled receiving the bulletin, however message trust was higher in the SPIR group (P < 0.05). The EXP group reported higher trust of health and nutrition information coming from scientific research (P < 0.01), and the SPIR group reported higher trust of information coming from the pastor (P < 0.05). Both bulletin groups increased fruit and vegetable consumption significantly compared to the control group; however, this difference could not be solely attributed to the tailored intervention which was part of a multi-component program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma: a unique case presentation.

Amelanotic melanomas comprise only 2% of melanomas and are commonly a difficult clinical diagnosis, due to the lack of melanin pigment typically found in melanomas. Even rarer is the amelanotic lentigo maligna, which may have an unusual clinical presentation, such as erythema, pruritus, or edema. Biopsy is the key to diagnosis. Multiple therapies for amelanotic lentigo malignas have been tried, but excision, with margin control (Mohs micrographic surgery-frozen or paraffin sections), remains the treatment of choice.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Fruit and vegetable consumption and prevention of cancer: the Black Churches United for Better Health project.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the effects of the Black Churches United for Better Health project on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among rural African American church members in North Carolina. METHODS: Ten counties comprising 50 churches were pair matched and randomly assigned to either intervention or delayed intervention (no program until after the follow-up survey) conditions. A multicomponent intervention was conducted over approximately 20 months. A total of 2519 adults (77.3% response rate) completed both the baseline and 2-year follow-up interviews. RESULTS: The 2 study groups consumed similar amounts of fruits and vegetables at baseline. AT the 2-year follow-up, the intervention group consumed 0.85 (SE = 0.12) servings more than the delayed intervention group (P < .0001). The largest increases were observed among people 66 years or older (1 serving), those with education beyond high school (0.92 servings), those widowed or divorced (0.96 servings), and those attending church frequently (1.3 servings). The last improvement occurred among those aged 18 to 37 years and those who were single. CONCLUSIONS: The project was a successful model for achieving dietary change among rural African Americans.

Adolescent↗