Combating obesity in the United States.
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
B J Moore
Publications and source records attributed to B J Moore.
Integration of 101 DNA markers across human Xp11 using a panel of somatic cell hybrids.
One hundred and one DNA markers previously assigned to the short arm of the human X chromosome were localized on a hybrid mapping panel consisting of ten radiation-reduced, and four classical somatic cell hybrids. Of the 101 DNA markers, 16 are genes, two are pseudogenes, 13 are expressed sequence tags, 32 are simple tandem repeats (STRs), four are restriction fragment length polymorphisms, one is a variable number of tandem repeats, and 33 are sequence tagged sites (STSs). Three of these markers, two STSs and one STR, were generated from the products of an inter-Alu PCR library of a radiation-reduced hybrid containing Xp11.4-->p11.22 as its only human DNA content. A second STR was isolated from a region-specific cosmid containing the gene ZNF21. The 101 DNA markers fell into 22 bins based on their retention on the hybrids of this panel, which, in combination with YAC contig data, could be further resolved into 24 bins. This hybrid map of Xp11 has an average resolution of approximately 0.8 Mb.
Animals↗
Shape and position of the complete dose-response curve for inhaled methacholine in normal subjects.
Plateaus on the inhalation concentration-response curve have been described in normal subjects and patients with mild asthma. To determine the prevalence of plateaus on inhalation concentration-response curves, and the position of the curves in normal subjects, we measured complete dose-response curves for methacholine (1 mg/ml to 256 mg/ml) in 73 nonatopic, nonsmoking, nonasthmatic normal subjects between the ages of 20 and 76 yr. Measurements included FEV1, maximal expiratory flow at 50% and 30% of vital capacity on partial and complete forced expiratory flow-volume curves (Vmax50p, Vmax50c, Vmax30p, Vmax30c) and pulmonary resistance (RL). Plateau responses, EC50 values and slopes were measured. Plateaus were present in 25, 27, 24, 34, 35, and 16 subjects for FEV1, Vmax50c, Vmax30c, Vmax50p, Vmax30p, and RL, respectively. In those who achieved a plateau, the mean maximal decrease in FEV1 (+/- SD) was 21 +/- 8%, in Vmax50c it was 46 +/- 16%, in Vmax50p it was 67 +/- 12%, in Vmax30c it was 58 +/- 21%, and in Vmax30p it was 75 +/- 15%, and the increase in RL was 213 +/- 89%. In summary, the results of this study showed that easily identifiable plateaus develop on the inhalation concentration-response curves of approximately 40% of normal subjects after only moderate decreases in maximum flow and increases in RL. Maximal response at the plateau was greater on partial flow-volume curves and at lower lung volumes (30% versus 50% of VC). Comparison of these data with data from patients at risk for airway hyperresponsiveness will allow definition of the mechanisms leading to airway hyperresponsiveness.
Administration, Inhalation↗
cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate.
An evaluation of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study has detected a lower prostate cancer risk associated with the greater consumption of tomatoes and related food products. Tomatoes are the primary dietary source of lycopene, a non-provitamin A carotenoid with potent antioxidant activity. Our goal was to define the concentrations of lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol in paired benign and malignant prostate tissue from 25 men, ages 53 to 74, undergoing prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. The concentrations of specific carotenoids in the benign and malignant prostate tissue from the same subject are highly correlated. Lycopene and all-trans beta-carotene are the predominant carotenoids observed, with means +/- SE of 0.80 +/- 0.08 nmol/g and 0.54 +/- 0.09, respectively. Lycopene concentrations range from 0 to 2.58 nmol/g, and all-trans beta-carotene concentrations range from 0.09 to 1.70 nmol/g. The 9-cis beta-carotene isomer, alpha-carotene, lutein, alpha-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin are consistently detectable in prostate tissue. No significant correlations between the concentration of lycopene and the concentrations of any other carotenoid are observed. In contrast, strong correlations between prostate beta-carotene and alpha-carotene are noted (correlation coefficient, 0.88; P < 0.0001), as are correlations between several other carotenoid pairs, which reflects their similar dietary origins. Mean vitamin A concentration in the prostate is 1.52 nmol/g, with a range of 0.71 to 3.30 nmol/g. We further evaluated tomato-based food products, serum, and prostate tissue for the presence of geometric lycopene isomers using high-performance liquid chromatography with a polymeric C30 reversed phase column. All-trans lycopene accounts for 79 to 91% and cis lycopene isomers for 9 to 21% of total lycopene in tomatoes, tomato paste, and tomato soup. Lycopene concentrations in the serum of men range between 0.60 and 1.9 nmol/ml, with 27 to 42% all-trans lycopene and 58 to 73% cis-isomers distributed among 12 to 13 peaks, depending upon their chromatographic resolution. In striking contrast with foods, all-trans lycopene accounts for only 12 to 21% and cis isomers for 79 to 88% of total lycopene in benign or malignant prostate tissues. cis Isomers of lycopene within the prostate are distributed among 14 to 18 peaks. We conclude that a diverse array of carotenoids are found in the human prostate with significant intra-individual variation. The presence of lycopene in the prostate at concentrations that are biologically active in laboratory studies supports the hypothesis that lycopene may have direct effects within the prostate and contribute to the reduced prostate cancer risk associated with the reduced prostate cancer risk associated with the consumption of tomato-based foods. The future identification and characterization of geometric lycopene isomers may lead to the development of novel agents for chemoprevention studies.
Aged↗
Donor selection limits use of living-related liver transplantation.
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the applicability of living-related liver transplantation in an established regional transplant program by determining the frequency of acceptable living donors from an unselected population of pediatric transplant candidates and identify specific factors limiting application of this technique. During the period May 1992 to May 1994, all children accepted as transplant candidates at the University of California-San Francisco were evaluated for potential living-related liver transplantation. Indications for transplantation and patient demographics represented the spectrum anticipated at a regional center. Donor evaluation was performed using a three-phase evaluation process we have previously reported. Retrospective analysis identified 75 potential donors for 38 pediatric candidates (age range, 17 days to 14.5 years; mean, 5.1 years). Twenty-three percent of potential donors declined evaluation. Of the 75 potential donors, only 10 (13%) were found to be acceptable for donation. The leading causes for donor declination were significant medical history (23%), ABO blood group incompatibility (23%), and psychosocial history (20%). Of the 38 recipient candidates, 9 (23%) were offered living-donor transplantation. Five patients have received living-donor transplantation, and 4 patients await the procedure when medical indications exist. Seventy-seven percent of recipient candidates received or are awaiting cadaveric transplantation. These results suggest that current donor criteria markedly limit the application of living-related liver transplantation.
Adolescent↗
Measurement of lung expansion with computed tomography and comparison with quantitative histology.
The total and regional lung volumes were estimated from computed tomography (CT), and the pleural pressure gradient was determined by using the milliliters of gas per gram of tissue estimated from the X-ray attenuation values and the pressure-volume curve of the lung. The data show that CT accurately estimated the volume of the resected lobe but overestimated its weight by 24 +/- 19%. The volume of gas per gram of tissue was less in the gravity-dependent regions due to a pleural pressure gradient of 0.24 +/- 0.08 cmH2O/cm of descent in the thorax. The proportion of tissue to air obtained with CT was similar to that obtained by quantitative histology. We conclude that the CT scan can be used to estimate total and regional lung volumes and that measurements of the proportions of tissue and air within the thorax by CT can be used in conjunction with quantitative histology to evaluate lung structure.
Biopsy↗
Orthodontics and occlusal management.
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Humans↗
Epithelial reorganization and irregular growth following carbendazim-induced injury of the efferent ductules of the rat testis.
Occlusions of the rat efferent ductules were induced by an oral gavage of carbendazim and the capacity for regeneration or recanalization of the ductules was histologically evaluated between 2 and 70 days post-treatment. At 2 days post-treatment, the efferent ductules were occluded by sloughed materials and showed various degrees of inflammation. Severely damaged epithelium showed few regenerative features at later intervals. On the other hand, epithelia with medium inflammation often exhibited irregular epithelial growth along the luminal contents or the formation of multiple abnormal ductules. These abnormal ductules were formed by migrated and original epithelia at the periphery of the occluded lumen at 16 days post-treatment, indicating attempted recanalization. At later time periods, 32 and 70 days post-treatment, the occluded original lumen was filled in by fibrotic connective tissue and surrounded by a series of abnormal ductules. These abnormal ductules were characterized by cuboidal epithelia, a small luminal diameter, fewer cilitated cells than normal, less developed organelles in the epithelial cells, and basal laminae of irregular thickness. However, there was no evidence that occluded ductules formed patent re-connections via abnormal ductules. The results suggest that occluded efferent ductules have the ability to initiate epithelial regrowth and to form new ductules, but the newly formed ductules are abnormal and are not adequate to recover from azoospermia at least at 70 days post-treatment.
Animals↗
Developmental changes in diaphragm contractile properties.
The contractile properties of pre- and early postnatal respiratory muscles are incompletely understood. We examined the effects of development on isometric contractile properties, with an emphasis on properties at 37 degrees C. One-day-old (n = 10), 3-wk-old (n = 10), and adult (n = 10) rabbits were studied. Isometric contractile properties of costal diaphragm strips were measured in vitro by using direct stimulation. Twitch and maximal, i.e., fused, tetanic force production increased with strip dimension and with age. Maximal tetanic force developed per unit cross-sectional area (stress) was significantly decreased in muscle from 1-day olds, whereas it was greatest in muscle from 3-wk olds. Twitch stress was similar in all three groups. Only when the stimulus duration was prolonged did twitch and fused tetanic force achieve maximal values values for the 1-day-old and 3-wk-old strips, suggesting less effective excitation-contraction coupling in those muscles. We conclude that immature rabbit diaphragm has unique isometric contractile properties and stimulus parameter requirements that cannot be deduced from studies using mature diaphragm.
Animals↗
A polymorphic dinucleotide repeat at the DXS7 locus.
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Base Sequence↗
Mapping of locus for X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) proximal to DXS7.
A recombinant chromosome in a male affected with X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) provides new information on the location of the CSNB1 locus. A four-generation family with five males affected with X-linked CSNB was analyzed with five polymorphic markers for four X-chromosome loci spanning the region OTC (Xp21.1) to DXS255 (Xp11.22). Four of the males inherited the same X chromosome; one male inherited a chromosome that from OTC to DXS7, inclusive, was derived from the normal X chromosome of his unaffected grandfather and that from a location between DXS7 and DXS426 proximally was derived from the chromosome carrying the CSNB1 locus. This recombinant maps the CSNB1 locus in this family to a region on the short arm of the X chromosome proximal to the DXS7 locus.
Alleles↗
Perioperative education. Transforming preceptor program into perioperative elective.
Perioperative educators must identify the specific learning needs of their staff members and develop and provide programs relevant to those needs. These programs must have administrative support, or they will fail. As perioperative nurses, we must go beyond preceptor programs. Educators in undergraduate programs need to include perioperative courses in their curricula. If a perioperative elective is included in basic nursing curricula, students will better be able to meet the needs of their profession and their patients. A perioperative elective in the nursing curriculum would expose students to perioperative nursing and recruit the interested ones. Students who choose not to work in the OR will at least have gained an understanding of aseptic technique and teamwork. Our first preceptor course was held in May 1986. As of this writing, 11 programs have been completed. In May 1990, we met our goal of participating in a perioperative elective, which shows that educational goals can be achieved with cooperative efforts between academic and clinical programs.
Curriculum↗
Vascular anatomy of the pig kidney glomerulus: a qualitative study of corrosion casts.
Pig kidney glomerular vascular anatomy was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. A generalized vascular architecture is presented to describe the pig kidney glomerulus based upon the observation of 3,800 vascular cast glomeruli. The relative simplicity of the pig glomerular vascular architecture has allowed the characterization of different vascular segments more completely than has been possible in other mammals. Based upon relationships to the afferent arteriole, a nomenclature and definition of primary, secondary, tertiary and anastomotic vessels is proposed for the distributing vessels comprising the glomerular tuft. The existence and formation of a large central hemispheric vessel deep within the confines of a glomerular hemisphere is micrographically documented. Micrographic evidence is presented supporting the formation of the single efferent arteriole by the merging of two central hemispheric vessels within the confines of the glomerular tuft. Failure of the merging of these two vessels may result in multiple efferent arterioles.
Animals↗
Effect of photoperiod on body weight and food intake of obese and lean Zucker rats.
Although the rat is usually not considered to be sensitive to photoperiod, under some experimental conditions photoperiod responses are unmasked. In addition, we have observed photoperiod-induced changes in body weight gain in lean and obese Zucker rats. In this experiment, body mass, food intake, body composition, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic state, and blood concentrations of corticosterone, insulin, and glucose were evaluated under one of two lighting conditions: a short (10 h light: 14 h dark) or a long (14 h light: 10 h dark) photoperiod. Plasma corticosterone and glucose concentrations measured under fasting conditions were unaffected by photoperiod in either genotype. The amount of BAT mitochondrial protein isolated was less in long photoperiod rats. BAT mitochondrial GDP binding was unaffected by photoperiod in the lean rats, but tended to be lower in long photoperiod obese rats than in short photoperiod obese rats. Although, photoperiod had no effect on daily food intake of rats exposed to the short versus long photoperiod, body mass was heaviest in obese rats raised in long photoperiod. Plasma insulin was increased in both lean and obese rats in long photoperiod. In addition, fat storage appeared to shift to internal depots in the lean rats exposed to long photoperiod. Our data demonstrate that photoperiod does have an effect on male Zucker rats with respect to body weight and fat distribution, with the obese rats being more sensitive to changes in photoperiod than the lean rats.
Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
The fungicide benomyl (methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate) causes testicular dysfunction by inducing the sloughing of germ cells and occlusion of efferent ductules.
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (100 days of age) were given single oral doses of the fungicide benomyl (methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2- benzimidazolecarbamate) in dosages ranging from 25 to 800 mg/kg body weight. The testis and excurrent ducts were examined at 2 and 70 days posttreatment to determine the chemical effects on spermatogenesis and the epididymis. Primary effects seen at 2 days postexposure were testicular swelling and occlusions of the efferent ductules. Mean testis weight peaked with 400 mg/kg. Premature release of germ cells (sloughing), detected even with the lowest dosage (25 mg/kg), was the most sensitive short-term response to benomyl. Sloughing was found primarily in Stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle at the lower dosages, but at higher dosages sloughing extended into all stages except for Stages VIII-XI. Occlusions of the efferent ductules of the testis were dose-dependent and correlated with testis weight. Sperm and sloughed germ cells were compacted in the ductal lumen of occluded ductules, which were surrounded by two to four layers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and other inflammatory cells. Although the caput epididymidis contained sloughed germ cells and appeared swollen, evidence of permanent occlusion was not found. The long-term (70 days) effects of benomyl were decreased testis weight (at 400 mg/kg), dose-dependent increases in seminiferous tubular atrophy, and increases in the number of reproductive tracts containing occluded efferent ductules. Fibrosis, granulomas, and abnormal growth were long-term consequences of occluded ductules, which were present 100% of the time in testes containing 26-100% seminiferous tubular atrophy. Only a few testes were found to be completely regressed. Occlusion of efferent ductules and disruption of the seminiferous epithelium by sloughing of germ cells are overlapping dose-dependent mechanisms responsible for short- and long-term effects of benomyl on the rat testis.
Animals↗
Dual effect of serotonin on growth of bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in culture.
We have previously reported that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5HT]) alters cultured bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (SMC) configuration through two different regulatory mechanisms. We now report that 5HT also regulates SMC growth through these same two mechanisms--a stimulatory event initiated intracellularly and inhibition of growth resulting from a cell surface action. 5HT (1 microM) plus 0.1 mM iproniazid (a 5HT metabolic inhibitor) produced a severalfold stimulation of DNA synthesis (as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation) of SMCs after a 17-24-hour incubation with only a slight elevation of cellular cAMP. This stimulatory effect responded synergistically with other growth factors including platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor and was effectively reversed by 5HT uptake inhibition. It was not produced by 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a metabolite of 5HT. In the presence of 1 microM 5HT plus 0.1 mM isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), cAMP was elevated eightfold, dendritic formation occurred, and [3H]thymidine labeling of SMCs was inhibited. Inhibition of labeling by [3H]thymidine was mimicked by other agents that elevated cellular cAMP (10 microM histamine, 1 microM isoproterenol plus 0.1 mM IBMX, and 10 microM forskolin) and by 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP. This inhibitory effect was not blocked by either inhibition of 5HT uptake or 5HT-receptor antagonists ketanserin (5HT2); methiothepin, spiperone, and mianserin (5HT1/5HT2); and 3-tropanyl-indole-3-carboxylate and 3-tropanyl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate (5HT3). However, similar to 5HT, the 5HT1A agonist, (+/-)-8-hydroxy-(+/-)-2-dipropylamino-8-hydroxy-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalenehydrobromide, in association with IBMX, produced an elevation in cAMP and inhibition of labeling by [3H]thymidine. 5HT, in the presence of either iproniazid or IBMX, did not alter [Ca2+]i, indicating that [Ca2+]i was not a signal for either of these actions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Timed acid bath effects on kidney podocytes prepared for scanning electron microscopy.
In perfusion fixation of dog kidney glomeruli, observation of tear fractured surfaces by scanning electron microscopy reveals the deposition of "debris" on the surface of glomerular visceral epithelium (podocytes) that is not deposited on other kidney tissue surfaces. It is of concern to remove this debris without damage to tissue surfaces. A 5 minute bath in 8N HCl (hydrochloric acid) following postfixation in 1% OsO4 (osmium tetroxide) removes only some of the debris. A 10 minute acid bath removes this debris without visible damage to podocyte surface structures such as cilia, plicae or blebs. A 20 minute acid bath is destructive to these surface features.
Animals↗
Fine structural characteristics and synaptic connections of trigeminocerebellar projection neurons in rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.
In order to classify the presynaptic terminals contacting trigeminocerebellar projection neurons (TCPNs) in rat trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo), electron-microscopic examination of sequential thin sections made from TCPNs located in the border zone (BZ) of Vo, labeled by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, was undertaken. The use of BZ TCPNs, labeled in Golgi-like fashion so that many of their dendrites and axons were visible, allowed for the determination of the distribution of each bouton type along the soma and dendrites, as well as for the characterization of the morphology and synaptic relations of the labeled axon and its terminals. Three types of axon terminals contacting labeled BZ TCPNs have been recognized, depending upon whether they contain primarily spherical-shaped, agranular synaptic vesicles (S endings); predominantly flattened, agranular synaptic vesicles (F endings); or a population of pleomorphic-shaped, agranular synaptic vesicles (P endings). The S endings represent the majority of axon terminals contacting labeled BZ TCPNs and establish asymmetrical axosomatic and axodendritic synaptic contacts. Many S endings are situated in one of two types of synaptic glomeruli. One type of glomerulus has a large S ending at its core, whereas the other contains a small S ending. Large-S-ending glomeruli include only labeled distal dendrites of BZ TCPNs; small-S-ending glomeruli contain either a labeled soma, proximal dendrite, or distal dendritic shaft. The remaining S endings are extraglomerular, synapsing on distal dendrites. P endings are less frequently encountered and establish intermediate axosomatic and axodendritic synapses. These endings exhibit a generalized distribution along the entire somatodendritic tree. F endings make symmetrical axodendritic synapses with distal dendrites, are only found in glomeruli containing small S endings, and are the least frequently observed ending contacting labeled BZ TCPNs. The majority of axonal endings synapsing on labeled BZ TCPNs are located along distal dendrites, with only a relatively few synapsing terminals situated on proximal dendrites and somata. The axons of labeled BZ TCPNs arise from the cell body and generally give rise to a single short collateral near their points of origin. This collateral remains unbranched and generates several boutons within BZ, while the parent axon acquires a myelin sheath and, without branching further, travels dorsolaterally toward the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The collateral boutons resemble extraglomerular S endings. They contain agranular, spherical-shaped synaptic vesicles and make asymmetrical axodendritic synapses with small-diameter unlabeled dendritic shafts in the BZ neuropil.
Animals↗