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Biomedical subjects

B J Bradford

Publications and source records attributed to B J Bradford.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Milk fat responses to a change in diet fermentability vary by production level in dairy cattle.

The effects of dietary starch fermentability on plasma metabolites and hormones, milk production, and milk fatty acid profile were evaluated in a crossover study. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows (121 +/- 48 d in milk, 41 +/- 9 kg/d 3.5% fat-corrected milk [FCM]; mean +/- SD) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence and were fed a diet intermediate to the treatments during an initial 21-d period. Treatments were dry ground corn grain (DG) and high moisture corn (HM) harvested from the same field. Treatment periods were 14 d, with the final 4 d used for data and sample collection. Diets included corn silage and alfalfa haylage at a 2:1 ratio and were ~26% neutral detergent fiber, 16.5% crude protein, 32% starch, and 3.5% fatty acids. High moisture corn increased plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acid, and triglyceride concentrations, but treatment had no consistent effect on yield of milk or FCM. High moisture corn increased trans C(18:1) concentrations at an increasing rate as production level decreased across cows, and milk fat depression was evident in cows below approximately 40 kg/d FCM yield. In contrast, production level had little influence on milk trans C(18:1) concentration for DG. Milk trans C(18:1) concentration was negatively correlated with milk fat concentration, as was trans-9 C(18:1), trans-10 C(18:1), and cis-9, trans-11 C(18:2). Concentration of trans-10, cis-12 C(18:2) was not correlated with milk fat concentration. Production level may influence biohydrogenation patterns and trans C(18:1) production because of differences in rumen environment; rumen pH and dilution rate can alter metabolism and populations of rumen microbes. Diets with highly fermentable starch sources and without supplemental dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids can induce milk fat depression in lower-producing cows, likely because of increased production of trans C(18:1) fatty acids.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

School health in pediatric residency training: 1994.

OBJECTIVE: To explore efforts of pediatric residency programs to provide future pediatricians with appropriate school health skills (given the growing recognition that school health programs have a positive effect on child health). DESIGN: A survey was mailed to the directors of all 214 accredited pediatric residency programs in the United States. RESULTS: Based on an overall response rate of 72%, a defined clinical experience in school health is required in only 34% of programs and offered by 43%. It usually consists of occasional half days during block rotations. Content included consultation on children with chronic illness, classroom observations, and participation in school-based clinics, health education classes, and multidisciplinary team meetings. Many residency programs viewed core topics in school health as appropriate for pediatric residency curriculum, and many of them included such instruction. In the programs that offered school health, dollars were generated only 16% of the time, and the funding level was seldom significant (>$50 000). CONCLUSIONS: Tomorrow's pediatricians will need training in comprehensive school health (including education, service provision, and the assurance of a medical home for some children in the school), but school health is a minor part of the curricular experience for today's pediatric residents. Future investigations should target barriers to comprehensive school health training (including financial impediments) and look at alternative school and community experiences and their effect on trainees, schools, and school-aged children.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Immunization status of children on school entry: area analysis and recommendations 1991.

The objective of the study was to examine the immunization status of children entering school as of September 1990 in two selected school districts in the Pittsburgh area. Immunization levels were determined by review of the students' school health/immunization records using AAP recommendations for age-appropriate vaccines for these children at the onset of the study. A telephone survey of parents was then conducted. Reasons for lack of adequate immunizations and demographic data were examined in the survey. Two hundred eighty-one records were reviewed. Only 122 (43%) of children were fully immunized (FI) according to the recommendations used. From the total, 237 (84%) families were successfully contacted by telephone; 109 (46%) children from this subset were FI. Both districts were similar for immunization status and demographic data. Seventy-one percent of the children were missing DTP, 48% HIB, and 44% OPV. All children had at least one MMR. The mean age of the children was 5.4 years (SD = 0.35). Potential missed opportunities for immunization were identified. Ninety-six percent (n = 237) of students not fully immunized (NFI) had seen a physician at least once within the past year and 65% within the past six months. Parental lack of knowledge for the need for vaccines was the reason most often identified by parents (58%) for their child's missing vaccine(s). A significant number of children in this study were found to be lacking recommended immunizations for age at entry to school despite a recent physician visit. Although many were still within the recommended age range for receiving needed immunizations, a large number of their parents stated that they did not know further vaccines were needed. Contrary to previous reports, cost, access, illness, and mobility were not identified by parents as reasons for missing vaccines in their children. Future efforts targeting immunization must emphasize better education of parents and physicians.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed1994

Health services for special needs children in Pennsylvania schools.

School health programs traditionally have involved health services, health instruction, and a safe school environment. Likewise, school health services have been provided by nurses, physicians, and appropriate administrative personnel. In the 1990s, increased integration of primary care services through school-based clinics expanded traditional activities of school health programs. Consequently, more chronically ill children, particularly technology dependent children, have entered the regular school setting, requiring that schools be prepared to manage these chronically ill students who come to school with new morbidities and technological dependencies. This statewide survey examined the number and kind of special needs children in the regular school setting in Pennsylvania, as well as the personnel, programs, policies, and resources available to support these children.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Adolescent medicine practice in urban Pittsburgh--1990.

Adolescent medicine has emerged as a discipline in the present era with few key curricular or skill areas clarified and little consensus regarding the acceptance and interest generated in pediatricians by this area. This investigation was undertaken to ascertain present adolescent medicine practice patterns in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The data generated are intended to serve as a basis for future comparisons. The methodology was a questionnaire design, with 178 (54%) of the questionnaires returned and subjected to analysis. The results indicated that 6% of pediatricians actually limit their practices to patients 16 years of age or younger, and 65% limit their practices to patients younger than 19 years of age. Most practices (64%) do not have a gynecological table. Only 20% of practices offer clinical services which would match the needs of adolescent patients, such as the prescription of oral contraceptives, counseling for homosexuality, or treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Most interestingly, pediatricians report seeing few adolescents with drug and alcohol problems or sexually transmitted diseases. These data provide the basis for future investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Preparticipation sports assessment in western Pennsylvania.

The preparticipation sports assessment is considered an important component of medical care for student athletes. Recent debate has ensued regarding the benefit for either athletes or schools from the assessments as currently practiced. This study describes the content, style, and methods of the required preparticipation sports assessments prior to an autumn football season in western Pennsylvania and discusses the implications of these findings. The results suggest that most examinations were brief, with little attention paid to important elements of the history or screening tests. Health education is not an important component of these encounters. In summary, such assessments did not meet either a health or education agenda and probably need to be revised if they are to have legal and medical support.

Adolescent↗