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B H Mayall

Publications and source records attributed to B H Mayall.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Proliferation of normal breast epithelial cells as shown by in vivo labeling with bromodeoxyuridine.

The proliferative activity of normal acinar and ductal breast epithelial cells was studied by in vivo labeling with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) in 26 cases with concurrent breast carcinoma. The BrdUrd-labeled cells were recognized in histologic sections of paraffin-embedded tissue, using an anti-BrdUrd antibody and an immunoperoxidase reaction. The percentage of BrdUrd-labeled cells showed great variability for both acinar (0% to 2.66%; mean, 0.70%; standard deviation [SD], 0.80%) and ductal cells (0% to 1.99%; mean, 0.51%; SD, 0.57%). The fraction of proliferating epithelial cells declined with the age of the patients and was significantly higher in premenopausal women (1.16% +/- 0.85% for acinar and 0.94% +/- 0.60% for ductal cells) as compared with the postmenopausal women (0.27% +/- 0.46% for acinar and 0.17% +/- 0.22% for ductal cells), P less than 0.01 for acinar and P less than 0.001 for ductal cells, respectively. In some patients, great variability in distribution of proliferating acinar and ductal cells among different lobules and ducts was observed. No difference was found in the number of proliferating acinar and ductal cells situated near or far from their corresponding tumors. No correlation was seen between cell proliferation of normal acinar or ductal cells and cell proliferation of the respective tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The Athena semi-automated karyotyping system.

In this article we describe Athena, a system that provides for semi-automated karyotyping of metaphase spreads. The system is based upon the Macintosh II computer. It uses software that is written entirely in C and consists of approximately 200 Kbytes of executable code. Athena provides automated segmentation of metaphase images into individual chromosomes, automated measurements on each banded chromosome, and automated classification into the standard Paris-convention karyotype. Furthermore, the system provides the ability to construct one or more chromosome data bases to represent the types of metaphase spreads and staining techniques that may be used in a given laboratory. Because we believe that it is impossible to construct a system that can achieve perfect segmentation, perfect separation of touching and overlapping chromosomes, perfect localization of the centromeres, and perfect classification, the system offers the possibility for interaction at each of the above stages using the well-accepted Macintosh user interface.

Centromere↗
PubMed1990

Experience with the Athena semi-automated karyotyping system.

The traditional analysis and assembly of metaphase chromosomes into a karyogram is a slow and tedious process requiring intermediate photographic steps and manual manipulation of the chromosome images. Much of this task is highly repetitive and readily lends itself to partial automation. Semi-automated karyotyping systems now are being used increasingly in both clinical and research cytogenetic laboratories. Digital image processing techniques are used to capture, manipulate, and make an initial classification of chromosome images. The Athena system uses commercially available components based on a Macintosh II personal computer. Digital image processing procedures automatically isolate chromosome images from the metaphase and arrange them into a karyogram, using information about relative chromosome length, centromeric index, and banding pattern. The operator uses the intuitive graphics interface of the Macintosh computer to monitor each phase of the analysis, to resolve any problems in isolating chromosome images, and to rearrange the individual chromosome images while assembling the final karyogram. Athena is designed as a semi-automated karyotyping system that is easy to learn and has sufficient power and versatility for routine use in the analysis of human metaphase chromosomes.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Which oral white lesions will become malignant? An image cytometric study.

We investigated the value of image cytometry in predicting the prognosis of oral epithelial lesions, whether or not they show dysplasia. Thirty-five oral epithelial lesions were studied retrospectively. Of these, 23 had later transformed to carcinoma and 12 had not. By means of the Leitz TAS image analyzer, 200 nuclei of epithelial cells and 20 nuclei of lymphocytes from each section were individually assessed for eight features related to shape and amount of stain and for six features related to chromatin pattern. The mean, standard deviation, and interquartile range of each feature were calculated, first for each section and then for each group. With the use of linear stepwise discriminant analysis we constructed a predictive model, which consisted of three variables related to chromatin pattern. The variables were mean margination, standard deviation of clumping, and standard deviation of condensation. In the jackknife classification, this model predicted the malignant potential of the lesions that later transformed to cancer with 86% predictive value and 83% sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. Nuclear DNA analysis using image cytometry.

Giant cell nuclear DNA, in 30 giant cell lesions of the jaws, was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. DNA content was then used to predict clinical behavior and outcome. 4 nuclei in each of 25 giant cells (total = 100 nuclei) were randomly selected and the DNA content was quantified by the Leitz Texture-Analysis-System-Plus. DNA in nuclei of normal appearing stromal fibroblasts (n = 20) was similarly measured. The DNA index was calculated as the mean nuclear DNA content of giant cells divided by the mean DNA content of control fibroblasts. The mean DNA-index of aggressive lesions (1.09, SD = 0.12) was not significantly different from that of non-aggressive lesions (1.18, SD = 0.15) (p = 0.093). The results indicate that the nuclear DNA content of giant cells is not useful as a predictor of the clinical behavior of giant cell lesions of the jaws.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Prediction of malignant transformation in oral epithelial lesions by image cytometry.

The value of image analysis in predicting the malignant potential of oral epithelial lesions showing either hyperplasia or dysplasia was investigated; 5-micron formalin-fixed sections of 16 oral epithelial lesions, of which eight had later transformed to carcinoma and eight had not transformed during a follow-up of 10-15 years were studied. The sections were stained with the azure A-Feulgen reaction for nuclear DNA. In each section 200 nuclei of epithelial cells and 20 nuclei of lymphocytes were assessed; all measurements were made blindly. For each nucleus six features related to shape and amount of stain and six features related to chromatin pattern were assessed. For each feature the mean, SD, and interquartile range were determined and used for linear stepwise discriminant analysis. A model of three variables with the most discriminating power was developed. When the jackknifed classification test was applied using this model, the malignant potential of the lesions that later transformed could be predicted with 87.5% accuracy.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Image cytometric classification of premalignant breast disease in fine needle aspirates.

Image cytometry for the classification of fine needle aspirate (FNA) biopsies was evaluated in samples from 39 women. Eighteen of them had benign lesions, seven had premalignant lesions, nine had carcinoma in situ, and five had carcinoma. The term, premalignant, here refers to lesions with an increased risk of developing into breast cancer (atypical hyperplasia and, to a lesser extent, moderate or florid hyperplasia). The classifications by cytometry were compared with the microscopic diagnoses of the same FNA samples and of tissue from a subsequent surgical biopsy of the same area. One slide from each breast FNA sample was restained in Azure-A Feulgen. Breast epithelial cells were measured using a texture analysis program on the Leitz TAS-plus. The mean, standard deviation (SD), and interquartile range were calculated for each of 12 nuclear parameters from 200 cells per slide. A discriminant analysis was used to develop a statistical model for classifying individual samples. Six of seven atypical proliferative lesions (atypical hyperplasia and moderate hyperplasia) were identified by image cytometry, but were unrecognized by conventional microscopic examination.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of absorption measurements of DNA stain content by utilizing video and scanning image cytometers.

After staining with the Feulgen reaction, the DNA stain contents of 155 mouse bone marrow cells and 22 adjacent chicken erythrocytes were measured by absorption image cytometry by utilizing two different systems--a scanning cytometer and a video cytometer. In the scanning cytometer (M85 microdensitometer, Vickers Instruments, Malden, MA), a spot of light was scanned across the cell. In the video cytometer (TAS Plus, E. Leitz, Rockleigh, NJ), the microscope field, which may contain several nuclei, was imaged onto a Plumbicon video camera. With each system, cells were scanned, digitized into their elementary pixels, and analyzed to determine their integrated absorbance. Comparison of the DNA stain contents of the same G0/G1 bone marrow cells and chicken erythrocytes, as measured by video and scanning cytometry, showed that both techniques gave comparable results; scanning cytometry is more precise. The coefficients of variation of the measurements for the G0/G1 bone marrow cells and for the chicken erythrocytes were 5.9% and 7.0%, respectively, when measured by video cytometry at the absorption peak (584 nm), compared to 4.1% and 3.5%, respectively, for the same cells when measured by scanning cytometry off the absorption peak (615 nm). The video-based measurements were relatively lower than the scanning measurements for darkly stained cells; this suggests that glare and other optical errors which increase with stain darkness caused greater systematic errors in the video cytometer than they did in the scanning cytometer.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Deoxyribonucleic acid cytometry helps identify parathyroid carcinomas.

It may be difficult in some patients with parathyroid tumors to distinguish between parathyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma on the basis of clinical and histopathological findings. Patients initially diagnosed as having a parathyroid adenoma have subsequently occasionally developed metastases, and thereby their tumor was proven to be a carcinoma. To determine whether the nuclear DNA content would correlate with the clinical course and pathology of parathyroid tumors DNA cytometry was performed on parathyroid carcinomas (9 patients), histologically atypical adenomas (10 patients), adenomas associated with severe hypercalcemia [serum calcium, greater than or equal to 13.0 mg/dL (greater than or equal to 3.24 mmol/L); 11 patients], typical benign adenomas (11 patients), and incidentally removed normal parathyroid glands (6 patients). Sections were cut from the original paraffin-embedded surgical specimens and stained for nuclear DNA using the azure A Feulgen reaction. Nuclear DNA stain content was measured using an integrating image cytometer, and the results were plotted as histograms. Adjusted optical density (AOD) values were measured (in arbitrary units) to estimate the DNA content of whole nuclei in the specimens. The mean nuclear DNA content in the parathyroid carcinomas [24.6 +/- 2.1 (+/- SE) AOD] was significantly greater than that in the three groups of parathyroid adenomas (P less than 0.005, by unpaired t test) and in the normal parathyroid glands (P less than 0.0005). The mean nuclear DNA content in the atypical adenomas (15.8 +/- 1.6 AOD), profoundly hypercalcemic adenomas (16.8 +/- 1.3 AOD), and typical adenomas (16.0 +/- 1.1. AOD) were similar, and all were significantly greater than that in the normal parathyroid glands (11.5 +/- 0.7 AOD, P less than 0.05). Five distinct DNA histogram patterns were present in the parathyroid specimens from these 47 patients. Four of the 9 parathyroid carcinomas had an aneuploid DNA pattern, an abnormal pattern not found in any of the other groups; 2 of these tumors were originally diagnosed as atypical parathyroid adenomas. Both patients developed recurrent disease, and 1 died from a hepatic metastasis. Therefore, DNA cytometry provides valuable information in differentiating some parathyroid carcinomas from adenomas and diagnosing certain parathyroid carcinomas before the appearance of grossly invasive or metastatic tumor.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1988

Quantification and classification of human sperm morphology by computer-assisted image analysis.

A quantitative, semi-automated method for classifying human sperm based on objective measurements of head shapes and sizes has been developed. Air-dried smears of semen from eight healthy men were stained with the Feulgen reaction and 283 sperm were selected as prototypic examples of the 10 morphology classes used in our classification system. Sperm heads were imaged through a microscope (NA = 1.3), sampled at 0.125-micron intervals, and measured on an image analysis system. Measurements included stain content, length, width, perimeter, area, and arithmetically derived combinations. Additionally, each sperm image was optically sectioned at right angles to its major axis to give a measure of lengthwise heterogeneity of shape. Linear stepwise discriminant analysis was used to identify the more powerful parameters and to create a model employing eight parameters. The jackknifed classification procedure distinguished normal from abnormal sperm with 95% accuracy and correctly assigned 86% of the sperm to one of 10 shape classes. Most of the misclassification errors occurred among closely related classes. The results demonstrate the ability of automated image analysis to classify individual sperm into clinically familiar shape categories.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Nuclear DNA analysis of oral hyperplasia and dysplasia using image cytometry.

We investigated the value of image analysis in discriminating among oral white lesions with hyperplasia without dysplasia and oral white or white-and-red lesions with moderate or severe dysplasia. Normal oral epithelial tissue was used as a control. Image analysis was applied to 5-micron formalin-fixed sections stained with the azure A-Feulgen reaction for nuclear DNA. For 150-200 cells from each section, 5 nuclear variables were assessed: area, form factor, total stain, average stain and ellipticity. For each variable, 2 measurements were obtained, the mean and the interquartile range, and were used for stepwise discriminant analysis. Using this test, a model of 3 measurements with the most discriminating power was developed. When the jackknife classification test was applied to this model, we could discriminate with 81% accuracy between the 4 groups of tissue studied.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of chromatin distribution in cell nuclei.

In this paper we develop four measures to describe the distribution of nuclear chromatin. These measures attempt to describe in an objective and meaningful way the heterogeneity, granularity, condensation, and margination of chromatin in cell nuclei. Starting with a high-resolution digitized image of a cell where the nuclear pixels have been identified, the four measures may be rapidly estimated. The range of each is derived and the interpretation of the measures in the context of chromatin compaction and distribution is developed. Implementation issues such as sampling density, thresholding and subsequent pre-processing, and algorithmic complexity are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Analytic studies of foam cells from breast cancer precursors.

A preliminary study of foam cells from nipple aspirate fluid demonstrated the ability of image analysis to discriminate categories of breast disease. Foam cell images numbering 471 were collected from nipple aspirate samples representing three to six cases of each of the four following disease categories based on breast tissue diagnosis: benign, nonproliferative; hyperplasia; atypical hyperplasia; and cancer. Twenty-two shape and density parameters were measured for each cell image. Using multivariate analysis, eight nuclear and three cytoplasmic parameters showed significant differences (P less than 0.005) when tested among cell populations from the breast disease categories. Linear stepwise discriminant analysis enabled construction of a three-parameter model that was optimal for distinguishing among cell populations from the four categories of breast disease. The means of all twenty-three parameters were then evaluated on a per-patient basis. A second three-parameter model was constructed that distinguished, with 100% accuracy, patients with proliferative disease from those with nonproliferative disease. Grouping disease categories and comparing patients whose diagnosis was benign or hyperplasia versus atypical hyperplasia or malignant, the model placed patients in the correct group 83% of the time.

Breast Neoplasms↗