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B H Jones

Publications and source records attributed to B H Jones.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Injuries in the military: a review and commentary focused on prevention.

BACKGROUND: In November 1996, the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB) Injury Prevention and Control Work Group issued a report that cited injuries as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among military service members. This article reviews the types and categories of military morbidity and mortality data examined by the AFEB work group and the companion Department of Defense (DoD) Injury Surveillance and Prevention Work Group. This article further uses the injury data reviewed to illustrate the role of surveillance and research in injury prevention. The review provides the context for discussion of the implications of the AFEB work group's findings for the prevention of injuries in the military. METHODS: The AFEB work group consisted of 11 civilian injury epidemiologists, health professionals and scientists from academia, and other non-DoD government agencies, plus six military liaison officers. Injury data from medical databases were provided to the civilian experts on the AFEB work group by the all-military DoD Injury Surveillance and Prevention Work Group. The AFEB work group assessed the value of each database to the process of prevention and made recommendations for improvement and use of each data source. RESULTS: Both work groups found that injuries were the single leading cause of deaths, disabilities, hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and manpower losses among military service members. They also identified numerous data sources useful for determining the causes and risk factors for injuries. Those data sources indicate that training injuries, sports, falls, and motor vehicle crashes are among the most important causes of morbidity for military personnel. CONCLUSIONS: While the work group recommends ways to prevent injuries, they felt the top priority for injury prevention must be the formation of a comprehensive medical surveillance system. Data from this surveillance system must be used routinely to prioritize and monitor injury and disease prevention and research programs. The success of injury prevention will depend not just on use of surveillance but also partnerships among the medical, surveillance, and safety agencies of the military services as well as the military commanders, other decision makers, and service members whose direct actions can prevent injuries and disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

High injury rates among female army trainees: a function of gender?

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that women are at greater risk than men for sports and training injuries. This study investigated the association between gender and risk of exercise-related injuries among Army basic trainees while controlling for physical fitness and demographics. METHODS: Eight hundred and sixty-one trainees were followed during their 8-week basic training course. Demographic characteristics, body composition, and physical fitness were measured at the beginning of training. Physical fitness measures were taken again at the end of training. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between gender and risk of injury while controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Women experienced twice as many injuries as men (relative risk [RR] = 2.1, 1.78-2.5) and experienced serious time-loss injuries almost 2.5 times more often than men (RR = 2.4, 1. 92-3.05). Women entered training at significantly lower levels of physical fitness than men, but made much greater improvements in fitness over the training period.In multivariate analyses, where demographics, body composition, and initial physical fitness were controlled, female gender was no longer a significant predictor of injuries (RR = 1.14, 0.48-2.72). Physical fitness, particularly aerobic fitness, remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: The key risk factor for training injuries appears to be physical fitness, particularly cardiovascular fitness. The significant improvement in endurance attained by women suggests that women enter training less physically fit relative to their own fitness potential, as well as to men. Remedial training for less fit soldiers is likely to reduce injuries and decrease the gender differential in risk of injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Ruggedness study of HPLC peptide mapping for the identity of a drug compound: a chemometrics approach.

A statistically more reliable approach than the traditional visual inspection of peptide maps to identify a drug compound is to generate a set of reference standards from a designed experiment that incorporates many possible factors that affect variation of peptide mapping. In fact, the experiment can be done for a ruggedness study as part of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method validation. Once the ruggedness is proved with the study, those articles in the experiment may form a set of reference standards, and future articles can be compared to the set later to prove identity. A quantitative analysis of the ruggedness study can be done using a chemometrics approach, principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis is used to reduce the many channels of peptide maps to a few manageable dimensions. The scores projected onto the reduced dimensions are used to test factor effects of the ruggedness study. As a by-product, the analysis provides visual inspection of the set of articles in the experiment for any outliers and anomalies.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1999

Physical training and exercise-related injuries. Surveillance, research and injury prevention in military populations.

Athletes and soldiers must both develop and maintain high levels of physical fitness for the physically demanding tasks they perform; however, the routine physical activity necessary to achieve and sustain fitness can result in training-related injuries. This article reviews data from a systematic injury control programme developed by the US Army. Injury control requires 5 major steps: (i) surveillance to determine the size of the injury problem; (ii) studies to determine causes and risk factors for these injuries; (iii) studies to ascertain whether proposed interventions actually reduce injuries; (iv) implementation of effective interventions; and (v) monitoring to see whether interventions retain their effectiveness. Medical surveillance data from the US Army indicate that unintentional (accidental) injuries cause about 50% of deaths, 50% of disabilities, 30% of hospitalisations and 40 to 60% of outpatient visits. Epidemiological surveys show that the cumulative incidence of injuries (requiring an outpatient visit) in the 8 weeks of US Army basic training is about 25% for men and 55% for women; incidence rates for operational infantry, special forces and ranger units are about 10 to 12 injuries/100 soldier-months. Of the limited-duty days accrued by trainees and infantry soldiers who were treated in outpatient clinics, 80 to 90% were the result of training-related injuries. US Army studies document a number of potentially modifiable risk factors for these injuries, which include high amounts of running, low levels of physical fitness, high and low levels of flexibility, sedentary lifestyle and tobacco use, amongst others. Studies directed at interventions showed that limiting running distance can reduce the risk for stress fractures, that the use of ankle braces can reduce the likelihood of ankle sprains during airborne operations and that the use of shock-absorbing insoles does not reduce stress fractures during training. The US Army continues to develop a comprehensive injury prevention programme encompassing surveillance, research, programme implementation and monitoring. The findings from this programme, and the general principles of injury control therein, have a wide application in civilian sports and exercise programmes.

Accidents↗
PubMed1998

Glucose induces expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD; EC 1.14.99.5) is a key enzyme in the synthesis polyunsaturated fatty acids. Liver and ose tissue are the predominant sites of SCD expression. Regulation of tic SCD by various nutritional and hormonal ors, such as insulin, dietary carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty s, has been well documented. Little is known, ver, about adipocyte SCD regulation despite high levels of SCD activity adipose tissue. The present study was gned to investigate SCD regulation in adipocytes by examining the cts of glucose and insulin on SCD expression. We rt here that glucose availability directly increased SCD gene scription in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This response was pendent of insulin, and insulin alone in the absence of glucose had no ct on SCD mRNA levels. SCD thus represents a l model in which to investigate the mechanisms of direct regulation of expression by glucose in adipose cells.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1998

Braced for impact: reducing military paratroopers' ankle sprains using outside-the-boot braces.

BACKGROUND: Ankle injuries account for 30 to 60% of all parachuting injuries. This study was designed to determine if outside-the-boot ankle braces could reduce ankle sprains during Army paratrooper training. METHODS: The randomized trial involved 777 volunteers from the U.S. Army Airborne School, Fort Benning, Ga. Of this group, 745 completed all study requirements (369 brace-wearers and 376 non-brace-wearers). Each volunteer made five parachute jumps, for a total of 3,674 jumps. RESULTS: The incidence of inversion ankle sprains was 1.9% in non-brace-wearers and 0.3% in brace-wearers (risk ratio, 6.9; p = 0.04). Other injuries appeared unaffected by the brace. Overall, 5.3% of the non-brace group and 4.6% of the brace group experienced at least one injury. The risk ratio for injured individuals was 1.2:1 (non-brace to brace groups; p = 0.65). CONCLUSION: Inversion ankle sprains during parachute training can be significantly reduced by using an outside-the-boot ankle brace, with no increase in risk for other injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Insulin increases fatty acid synthase gene transcription in human adipocytes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism whereby insulin increases expression of a key de novo lipogenic gene, fatty acid synthase (FAS), in cultured human adipocytes and hepatoma cells. RNA isolated from cultured adipocytes or from Hep G2 cells treated with or without insulin (20 nM) was analyzed. In addition, run-on transcription assays and measurements of RNA half-life were performed to determine the controlled step in FAS gene regulation by insulin. We demonstrated that FAS mRNA was expressed in both Hep G2 cells and human adipocytes. Insulin induced an approximately five- and three-fold increase in FAS mRNA content in adipocytes and hepatoma cells, respectively. Similar regulation of FAS was observed in adipocytes from lean and obese human subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the induction of human FAS expression by insulin was due to increased transcription rate of the FAS gene in human adipocytes, whereas mRNA stabilization accounted for increased FAS mRNA content in hepatoma cells. In conclusion, we report here for the first time expression of human FAS mRNA and its specific transcriptional induction by insulin in cultured human adipocytes.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1997

Angiotensinogen gene expression in adipose tissue: analysis of obese models and hormonal and nutritional control.

Synthesis of angiotensin II (ANG II) has recently been described in adipose cells and has been linked to regulation of adiposity. Angiotensinogen (AGT), the substrate from which ANG II is formed, was previously shown to be elevated in adipose tissue of obese (ob/ob and db/db) mice and regulated by nutritional manipulation. It is unknown, however, whether overexpression of adipose AGT can be extended to other models of obesity and whether hormonal and/or nutritional factors directly regulate AGT expression in adipocytes. We investigated these possibilities by analyzing AGT mRNA levels in adipose tissue of obese Zucker rats, viable yellow (Avy) mice, and humans and by treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin, glucose, and a beta-adrenergic agonist. We demonstrate that AGT mRNA is decreased by approximately 50 and 80%, respectively, in adipose tissue of obese vs. lean Zucker rats and Avy mice. We also report that AGT is expressed at variable levels in human adipose tissue. Finally, we show that AGT mRNA is upregulated by insulin and downregulated by beta-adrenergic stimulation in adipocytes.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1997

Angiotensin II increases lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 and human adipose cells.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is one of numerous hormones recently shown to be synthesized and secreted by adipose cells. Although the function of Ang II in adipose tissue is unknown, several studies indirectly suggest that it may be involved in control of adiposity. Little is known, however, about direct actions of Ang II in adipose cells. To further investigate this issue, we first characterized the type of Ang II receptors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We then tested the hypothesis that Ang II exerted direct actions on adipocyte metabolism using both 3T3-L1 and human adipocyte models. We report here that Ang II significantly increased triglyceride content and the activities of two key lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthase, FAS and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GPDH) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and that these effects were mediated through the type-2 Ang II receptor. We also report that Ang II exerted similar effects in human adipose cells maintained in primary culture. Finally, we demonstrate that Ang II increased the transcription rate of the FAS and ob genes in 3T3-L1 and human adipose cells. These results indicate that Ang II may be involved in control of adiposity through regulation of lipid synthesis and storage in adipocytes.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1997

Inflammatory mediator response as a potential risk marker for periodontal diseases in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and monocytic secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) were measured in a group of 39 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients and 64 systemically healthy individuals. Diabetics were divided into Group A (gingivitis or mild periodontal disease) and Group B (moderate or severe periodontal disease). Diabetics had significantly higher GCF levels of both PGE2 and IL-1 beta as compared to non-diabetic controls who were matched with regard to periodontal disease severity (P < 0.00001 and P = 0.0005, respectively). Within the diabetic population, the GCF levels of these inflammatory mediators were almost 2-fold higher in Group B as compared to Group A (P = 0.01, P = 0.006, respectively for GCF-PGE2 and IL-1 beta). Furthermore, diabetics as a group had a significantly higher monocytic PGE2 and IL-1 beta production in response to various concentrations of both Escherichia coli and Prophyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as compared to non-diabetic patients with adult periodontitis (P = 0.0001). LPS dose-response curves demonstrated that monocytes from Group B diabetics produced approximately 3 times more PGE2 than Group A monocytes; however, there was no significant difference in monocytic IL-1 beta secretion within the IDDM patients. The levels of GCF or monocytic mediators did not correlate with age, race, or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. Our data suggest that the high GCF and monocytic secretion of PGE2 and IL-1 beta in IDDM patients may be a consequence of a systemic response trait and that the presence of Gram-negative infections such as periodontal diseases may interact synergistically to yield high local levels of these mediators and a more severe periodontal condition.

Adult↗