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Biomedical subjects

B Gallhofer

Publications and source records attributed to B Gallhofer.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Psychophysiology, psychoneuroendocrinology, and the laterality concept of the brain.

Twenty-two patients--11 paranoid schizophrenics and 11 major depressed--were investigated by means of a hypothalamic-pituitary challenge (HPC). The latter contained insulin, TRH and metoclopramide. Response with regard to blood glucose, serum GH, PRL, TSH and cortisol were measured 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after the baseline. Temporal alpha power was split into 2 groups with high and low alpha power, respectively. The aim was to see whether high cortical-limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal reactivity correlated with high temporal alpha power. Poor results were found with regard to diagnoses. Only TSH and glucose response were correlated with diagnoses. But, GH and cortisol responses reacted in relation to different alpha levels. Cell loss due to hormonal stress and consecutive miswiring of axons due to wrong sprouting are discussed as possible reasons for abnormal lateralized HPC response.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1991

[EEG mapping in schizophrenia and depression--a multivariate approach].

EEG Brain Mapping offers a promising approach to study complex pattern of brain function. However, traditional usage of this method was focussed mainly on isolated details of the whole specter. The present study was, therefore, aimed at the simultaneous observation of all available parameters. Discriminant analysis was used to distinguish between 4 groups of patients suffering from either schizophrenia (acute/off drugs; improved/on drugs) or depression (acute/off drugs; improved/on drugs) and healthy volunteers, each group with n = 10. The multivariate pattern of 50 topographical spectral variables brought about correct group classification of 49 out of 50 probands. Results suggest that more complex statistical paradigms that take advantage of all available parameters add to an integrative explanation of psychophysiological mechanisms in mental illness.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy and safety of moclobemide compared with imipramine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Double-blind multicenter study, Austria.

In a double-blind, 4-week, prospective, randomized multicenter (17 centers) study we checked on the efficacy, tolerability and safety of moclobemide (300-600 mg/d) compared to imipramine (100-200 mg/d) in parallel groups of patients with a Major Depressive Episode (DSM III). The mean % reduction of the HAMD at the end of treatment was 51.7 in the moclobemide group and 52.1 in the imipramine group. The percentage of patients in whom efficacy was globally judged as "good" or "very good" was 62% in the moclobemide group and 60% in the imipramine group. There was no statistically significant difference in the efficacy in both groups but in some factors there was a trend for a better amelioration favoring moclobemide. The final overall physician's judgement of tolerability was "good" or "very good" in 83% of moclobemide patients and in 74% of imipramine patients. Adverse events were reported or observed in 56% of moclobemide patients and in 69% of imipramine patients. The number of mild, moderate and severe adverse events was higher in the imipramine group with a total of 286 versus 189. There was a statistically high significant difference considering the tolerability favoring moclobemide again. In this project the basic goal to find a substance with at least the same efficacy but a much better tolerability for sure got fulfilled.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A double-blind multicentre study comparing remoxipride, controlled release formulation, with haloperidol in schizophrenia.

A double-blind multicentre study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and safety of remoxipride in a controlled release (CR) formulation given once daily with haloperidol twice daily in patients with schizophrenic illness. In total, 114 patients were included. All were diagnosed as schizophrenic or schizophreniform according to DSM-III. Their mean daily dose of remoxipride CR during the last week of treatment was 385 mg. In the haloperidol group the corresponding dose was 17 mg per day. The intended study period was 4 weeks with at least a one-day washout. No significant differences were found between treatments regarding efficacy variables. The median total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score was 40 in the remoxipride CR group at start of treatment and 21 at last valid rating. For the haloperidol group the corresponding figures were 40 and 22. Treatment-emergent extrapyramidal symptoms (Simpson and Angus rating) occurred statistically significantly more frequently and were more severe during haloperidol than during remoxipride CR treatment despite a statistically significantly higher concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs in the haloperidol group.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

A study of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in epileptic psychosis using positron emission tomography and oxygen.

Data are presented on four groups using positron tomography and 15 O inhalation. Compared to age-matched volunteer controls, epileptic patients show regions of low blood flow and hypometabolism as found in previous studies. Epileptic psychotic and non-psychotic patients have been compared, and the main differences noted were lower rOER in the psychotic group, especially in frontal, temporal and basal ganglia regions. When a group of psychotic patients receiving neuroleptic drugs was compared to those free of these medications the rOER was higher in the treated sample, and the rCBF fell, significantly in some areas. These data are discussed in the light of other reports of positron tomography in psychosis.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1984

Epilepsy and its prejudice. Teachers' knowledge and opinions: are they a response to psychopathological phenomena?

150 teachers, 75 from a group of basic schools and 75 from a group of schools on an advanced level were asked to respond to a questionnaire consisting of 194 items in order to find out about their actual state of knowledge, opinions and prejudices against epileptics. 45 stereotype statements had to be rated for 'epilepsy', 'insanity', and 'heart disease'. A ranking order of 6 disorders--'insanity', 'depression', 'epilepsy', 'heart disease', 'amputation of a leg', and 'diabetes mellitus' had to be established. Teachers' knowledge of epilepsy proved to be somewhat diffuse but in good keeping with reality and they showed an interest in more information and research. Some of their prejudices could be attributed to old ideologies while the acquaintance with epileptics enhanced their knowledge of their real needs. Teachers' confusions went along with the controversies in medical research.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Computertomography in subarachnoid haemorrhage and aneurysm.

50 patients with SAH and an aneurysm were investigated by CT and angiography. In the 59 patients 67 aneurysms were found. The mean interval between SAH and CT was 8 days, between SAH and angiography II days. Blood in the CSF space was visualized up to the 9th day in the patients and 67% of those investigated showed blood in the CSF-space in the CT. In 31% of the patients an aneurysm, in 29% an intracerebral haemorrhage and in 19% a recent infarct was found. A hydrocephalus was seen in 13% of the patients. Of 12 patients with recent infarcts 8 showed vasospasm which correlated in time and location with the infarct.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Rhythmic activity of cat pial vessels in vivo.

Rhythmic activity was observed in over 100 pial vessels in 58 cats with a photometric technique through a cranial window. Diameter oscillations with a frequency of mostly 5/min were present at normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) in about half of the animals. When spontaneous activity was absent the same type of oscillations could be provoked by varying MAP, mostly by lowering it to a level of around 60 mm Hg. If a rhythmic activity was present, it could be abolished by increasing and decreasing MAP. Likewise, rhythmic activity ceased during strong vasodilatation caused by hypercapnia, hypoxia, Ca antagonists or other vasoactive drugs. Rhythmic activity also decreased in amplitude or disappeared with vasoconstriction accompanied by a stable MAP. Rhythmic activity of pial vessels thus seemed to occur within an as yet unspecified range of vessel wall tensions mediated via intraluminal pressure and a state of constriction or dilatation. This rhythmic activity was not primarily influenced by sympathetic stimulation, alpha-sympathetic blockade, hyper- or hypocapnia, hypo- or hyperoxygenation. Moreover, the vascular activity fits well with the description of rhythmic smooth muscle activity in other vascular beds and organs in vitro and in vivo, ascribed to myogenic regulatory processes. Therefore, it is suggested that the rhythmic activity of pial vessels might be an expression of myogenic blood flow regulatory activity in the brain.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1981

Diagnosis and treatment of middle fossa arachnoid cysts and subdural hematomas.

Nine cases with temporal fossa arachnoid cysts were diagnosed by computerized tomography (CT). Five patients also had subdural hematomas, three of them following head trauma. When the hematoma was chronic and of equal hypodensity with the cyst, a clear-cut differentiation was not possible from the CT scan. The presence of a subdural hematoma could only be suggested by thickened arachnoid structures crossing the hypodense area, indicating the wall between cyst and hematoma. The cyst could often be diagnosed by bulging of the skull bone and a temporal lobe defect. Differences in density between cyst and hematoma, such as in subacute subdural hematoma, delineated both entities. Typical examples are demonstrated. Treatment consisted of evacuation of the hematoma and excision of the cyst in all cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Natural history and operative treatment of intracranial aneurysms after subarachnoid haemorrhage (author's transl)].

This report presents an evaluation of prognosis in 227 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by intracranial aneurysm, comparing operative treatment in 118 patients with conservative treatment in 109. In all operable cases, the prognosis following early surgery was better than that of conservative treatment. Statistical comparison of patient groups according to the clinical condition allowed the formation of guidelines for the optimal timing of surgery: patients in good clinical condition should be operated on at the earliest possible moment. The overall mortality with such a policy is lower than with a waiting policy, since the majority of recurrences occurred within 2 weeks. Patients with disturbed consciousness and neurological deficit are best operated on either within 24 hours or following stabilization or improvement of the clinical picture -- mostly after 2 weeks. The risk of rebleeding is much lower in these cases, which justifies awaiting optimum clinical conditions. Surgery on comatose patients is contraindicated.

Female↗
PubMed1980

Medical versus surgical treatment of patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. A retrospective comparative study.

Report on a series of patients suffering from cerebrovascular insufficiency caused by stenosis and/or occlusion of one or several major cerebral vessels. The patients were divided in two groups, one being medically treated with anticoagulants, the other operated on either a carotid artery thrombosis by thromboendarterectomy or occlusion treated with an extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass. Results after a follow-up period of 1-3 years are compared and discussed in view of the recent literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Psychosocial aspects of epilepsy (author's transl)].

We tried to show the attitude of the environment towards the epileptic patient with special consideration of teachers and the mother of the epileptic child. specific problems of the epileptic patient like frequency of convulsions, psychiatric manifestations and the disease process itself were viewed in relationship to the ability to work and the position in school. We looked in addition into legal problems like fitness to drive, delinquency and insurance problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[The value of computer tomography in cerebrovascular accidents].

Computer-tomography investigations in 300 patients with cerebrovascular diseases are reported. The possibilities of computer-tomography for localization and follow-up of ischaemic attacks, intracerebral haematoma and subarachnoidal haemorrhages are described. Details of clinical and diagnostic importance of follow-up studies are presented together with examples of current pathological data.

Brain Ischemia↗