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Biomedical subjects

B Ferguson

Publications and source records attributed to B Ferguson.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Seven-year follow-up of speech/language impaired and control children: psychiatric outcome.

This study examined the 7-year psychiatric outcome of 202 speech/language (S/L) impaired and control children selected from a community sample at age 5 years. Children with S/L at age 5 years were more likely to be psychiatric cases at age 12.5 years than were normal controls, even if their S/L improved. Controlling for concurrent psychiatric disorder, S/L impairment at age 5 years was still associated with an increased rate of psychiatric disorder at 12.5 years. Psychiatric disorder at age 12.5 years was more likely to co-occur with language disorder than with speech disorder.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1996

A controlled trial of dothiepin and placebo in treating benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms.

BACKGROUND: The possibility that treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, in the form of dothiepin, might attenuate benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms was investigated in a double-blind trial. METHOD: Eighty-seven non-depressed psychiatric out-patients with putative normal dose benzodiazepine dependence had their benzodiazepines reduced in stepwise amounts of 20% of the original dose for eight weeks. The patients were randomised to receive dothiepin (with dosage increasing to 150 mg/day) or placebo as an aid to withdrawal before benzodiazepine reduction and these drugs were taken for four further weeks before being stopped. RESULTS: Fewer patients entered and completed the study than expected and a Type II error was possible in the results. Although there was some evidence of withdrawal symptoms being less marked in those patients allocated to dothiepin this was independent of any antidepressant effect as depression scores were lower in the placebo group in the early phase of withdrawal (P < 0.01). Of those completing the study, greater satisfaction (P = 0.03) was recorded by those who had received dothiepin; no other differences reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Dothiepin (and by implication other tricyclic antidepressants) might have some value in reducing benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms but does not aid drug withdrawal.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1996

The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: influence of cognitive therapists on outcome.

BACKGROUND: In previously published papers from the Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder a short treatment package of cognitive-behaviour therapy was no more effective than placebo drug treatment after 10 weeks' assessment in a cohort of 210 patients with neurotic disorders. This paper examines the outcome over two years of the patients treated by cognitive-behaviour therapy separated into two therapist groups, those who were competent in administering treatment and those of uncertain competence. METHOD: The therapists (mainly community psychiatric nurses) of 70 patients with an original DSM-III diagnosis of either dysthymic, panic or generalised anxiety disorder were separated into two groups on the basis of their perceived competence by their supervisor (DK). Ratings of psychopathology were made at regular intervals over two years by assessors blind to knowledge of treatment or therapist. RESULTS: The patients treated by competent therapists (n = 30) generally showed greater improvement than those allocated to therapists of uncertain competence (n = 40), mainly with respect to depressive symptoms, and the difference persisted over two years, long after the cognitive-behaviour therapy had been completed. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive-behaviour therapy given by competent therapists over a 10 week period is of lasting benefit in neurotic disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Mutation of RGA1, which encodes a putative GTPase-activating protein for the polarity-establishment protein Cdc42p, activates the pheromone-response pathway in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have selected yeast mutants that exhibit a constitutively active pheromone-response pathway in the absence of the beta subunit of the trimeric G protein. Genetic analysis of one such mutant revealed that it contained recessive mutations in two distinct genes, both of which contributed to the constitutive phenotype. One mutation identifies the RGA1 locus (Rho GTPase activating protein), which encodes a protein with homology to GAP domains and to LIM domains. Deletion of RGA1 is sufficient to activate the pathway in strains lacking the G beta subunit. Moreover, in wild-type strains, deletion of RGA1 increases signaling in the pheromone pathway, whereas over-expression of RGA1 dampens signaling, demonstrating that Rga1p functions as a negative regulator of the pheromone response pathway. The second mutation present in the original mutant proved to be an allele of a known gene, PBS2, which encodes a putative protein kinase that functions in the high osmolarity stress pathway. The pbs2 mutation enhanced the rga1 mutant phenotype, but by itself did not activate the pheromone pathway. Genetic and two-hybrid analyses indicate that an important target of Rga1p is Cdc42p, a p21 GTPase required for polarity establishment and bud emergence. This finding coupled with recent experiments with mammalian and yeast cells indicating that Cdc42p can interact with and activate Ste20p, a protein kinase that operates in the pheromone pathway, leads us to suggest that Rga1p controls the activity of Cdc42p, which in turn controls the magnitude of signaling in the pheromone pathway via Ste20p.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Signal transduction and growth control in yeast.

An understanding of how an extracellular stimulus causes changes in cell growth is emerging from the study of four signal transduction pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the pheromone-response, pseudohyphal differentiation, osmolarity-response, and protein kinase C activated pathways. Each of these pathways contains at its core a distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Biochemical and molecular studies have determined the functional order of the kinases in the pheromone-response pathway and have suggested that they are organized into a complex by a protein scaffold. The cell surface sensor system for the osmolarity-response pathway has been identified. It shows striking similarity to bacterial two-component sensor-responder systems. Finally, components that integrate information from these pathways and communicate it to cell growth regulators have been revealed.

Glycerol↗
PubMed1994

The International Personality Disorder Examination. The World Health Organization/Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration international pilot study of personality disorders.

BACKGROUND: One of the aims of the World Health Organization/Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration joint program on psychiatric diagnosis and classification is the development and standardization of diagnostic assessment instruments for use in clinical research worldwide. The International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) is a semistructured clinical interview compatible with the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and the DMS-III-R classification systems. This is the first report of the results of a field trial to investigate the feasibility of using the IPDE to assess personality disorders worldwide. METHODS: The IPDE was administered by 58 psychiatrists and clinical psychologists to 716 patients enrolled in clinical facilities at 14 participating centers in 11 countries in North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. To determine interrater reliability, 141 of the IPDEs (20%) were independently rated by a silent observer. To determine temporal stability, 243 patients (34%) were reexamined after an average interval of 6 months. RESULTS: The IPDE proved acceptable to clinicians and demonstrated an interrater reliability and temporal stability roughly similar to instruments used to diagnose the psychoses, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. CONCLUSION: It is possible to assess personality disorders with reasonably good reliability in different nations, languages, and cultures using a semistructured clinical interview that experienced clinicians find relevant, meaningful, and user-friendly.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The yeast pheromone response pathway: new insights into signal transmission.

The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pheromone response pathway is one of the best understood eukaryotic signal transduction pathways. Nonetheless, it is likely that components and regulators of the pathway remain to be identified. We have employed three approaches to learn about interactions among known pathway components and to identify new components. First, the two-hybrid system of Fields and Song revealed that STE5, a protein of unknown biochemical function, interacts with each member of the MAP kinase cascade. One interpretation of this finding is that STE5 facilitates interactions between members of the cascade and thereby makes signal transmission more efficient. Second, genetic studies have identified new gene functions that appear to be involved in pheromone response. One of these is homologous to RHO-GAP proteins, an observation that suggests that a RHO protein (members of the RAS super-family) is part of the response pathway. A second gene function, FAR3, appears to be required only for a specific facet of pheromone response, arrest of the mitotic cell division cycle in G1.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1993

Made in heaven?

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Health Care Coalitions↗
PubMed1993

Disease-specific questionnaire for patients with a renal transplant.

A disease-specific questionnaire to assess the quality of life of renal transplant recipients was developed. A list of items of potential relevance to these patients was created and 50 transplant recipients rated the importance of each item. A combination of factor analysis and clinical judgment was then used to create the final questionnaire which consists of 25 questions in 5 dimensions (physical symptoms, fatigue, uncertainty/fear, appearance and emotions). The physical symptoms dimension is patient specific. All questions are scored on a 7-point Likert scale. The reproducibility of the questionnaire when it was administered to stable transplant recipients was high (intraclass correlation coefficients between 0.82 and 0.91 for the 5 dimensions). The scores of all dimensions except appearance improved 6 months after transplantation, when compared to pretransplantation scores. Patients who had a well-functioning graft (creatinine < 250 mmol/l) had higher scores than those with poorly functioning grafts. This questionnaire is easy to administer and is valid, reproducible in stable patients and responsive to change.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder. Effect of personality status on response to drug treatment, cognitive therapy and self-help over two years.

Repeated assessments of psychopathology, together with personality status, were made over two years on 181 psychiatric out-patients with generalised anxiety disorder (59), panic disorder (66), or dysthymic disorder (56) diagnosed using an interview schedule for DSM-III. Patients were randomly allocated to drug treatment, cognitive and behaviour therapy, or a self-help treatment programme. Although there were no overall differences in compliance rate and efficacy between the three modes of treatment, the psychological treatment methods, particularly self-help, were more effective in patients without personality disorder, and those with personality disorder responded better to drug treatment, primarily antidepressants. The findings suggest that assessment of personality status could be a valuable aid to selection of treatment in neurotic disorders and that self-help approaches are particularly valuable once personality disorder has been excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Family planning.

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Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1993

Type and frequency of social interaction among workers with and without mental retardation.

The social/verbal interactions of 6 employees with moderate or severe mental retardation and 6 workers without mental retardation were observed in six restaurants. Results showed that target workers without mental retardation gave more directions, asked more work-related questions, initiated more jokes, and had more general work-related comments than did target workers with mental retardation. The latter received more greetings and social amenities. Interactions between workers with mental retardation and the job coach correlated negatively with the workers' initiation of interactions with co-workers who did not have mental retardation. Implications for job placement and training as well as future research needs were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Phenytoin as a countermeasure for motion sickness in NASA maritime operations.

Seasickness is the most prevalent form of motion sickness and is an operational problem during Space Shuttle Solid-fueled Rocket Booster (SRB) retrieval. Phenytoin has been shown to protect against motion sickness induced by Coriolis stress. We exposed SRB recovery personnel to off-vertical rotation and sea motion after phenytoin or placebo. Phenytoin blood levels of at least 9 micrograms/ml were protective against motion sickness at sea. No change in susceptibility to nitrogen narcosis was seen in divers in chamber tests at 460 KPa. Phenytoin was used during performance of critical and hazardous tasks during training and actual SRB recovery operations. Phenytoin is an effective operational countermeasure for motion sickness for selected SRB crewmembers.

Adult↗