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Biomedical subjects

B E Jones

Publications and source records attributed to B E Jones.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Distribution of acetylcholine and catecholamine neurons in the cat brainstem: a choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study.

The distribution of acetylcholine neurons in the brainstem of the cat was studied by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and compared to that of catecholamine neurons examined in the same or adjacent sections by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. The largest group of ChAT-positive (+) neurons was located in the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum within the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus rostrally and within the parabrachial nuclei and locus coeruleus nucleus more caudally. TH+ neurons were found to be coextensive and intermingled with ChAT+ neurons in the dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum, where the number of ChAT+ cells (approximately 18,500) exceeded that of the TH+ cells (approximately 12,000). In the caudal pons, scattered ChAT+ neurons were situated in the ventrolateral tegmentum together with TH+ neurons. In the medulla, numerous ChAT+ cells were located in the lateral tegmental field, where they extended in a radial column from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus to the ventrolateral tegmentum around the facial and ambiguus nuclei, occupying the position of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves. TH+ cells were also present in this field. Neurons within the general visceral, special visceral, and somatic motor cranial nerve nuclei were all immunoreactive to ChAT. Scattered ChAT+ neurons were also present within the medullary gigantocellular and magnocellular tegmental fields together with a small number of TH+ neurons. Other groups of ChAT+ cells were identified within the periolivary nuclei, parabigeminal nucleus, prepositus hypoglossi nucleus, and the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei. Acetylcholine neurons thus constitute a heterogeneous population of cells in the brainstem, which in addition to including the somatic and visceral efferent systems, comprises many other discrete systems and represents an important component of the brainstem reticular formation. The proximity to and interdigitation with catecholamine neurons within these systems may be of important functional significance.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1987

Unusual complications of temporal bone fractures.

Eighty-two temporal bone fractures were diagnosed in 75 patients with high-resolution computed tomographic scanning. Excluding six gunshot injuries, 55 (72%) of the fractures were oblique, 11 (15%) were longitudinal, and ten (13%) were transverse. Facial paresis or paralysis occurred in 45 patients (60%), hemotympanum occurred in 67 (89%), and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea occurred in 19 (25%). Among 66 patients in whom audiometry was performed, 20 (30%) had conductive hearing loss, nine (14%) had sensorineural loss, and 36 (55%) had mixed hearing loss. Vestibular symptoms were present in 23 patients (30%). Other unusual complications of temporal bone fractures were observed: bilateral abducens paralysis, three patients (4%); unilateral abducens paralysis, two (2.67%); trigeminal paralysis, one (1.33%); and aseptic sigmoid sinus thrombosis, one (1.33%).

Abducens Nerve Injury↗
PubMed1987

Retrograde labeling of neurones in the brain stem following injections of [3H]choline into the forebrain of the rat.

In an attempt to identify cholinergic neurons of the brain stem which project to the forebrain, retrograde labeling of neurons in the brain stem was examined by autoradiography following injections of 20 microCi [3H]choline into the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain and frontal cortex. After injections into the thalamus, retrogradely labeled neurons were evident within the lateral caudal mesencephalic and dorsolateral oral pontine tegmentum (particularly in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei) and in smaller number within the latero-medial caudal pontine (Reticularis pontis caudalis, Rpc) and medullary (Reticularis gigantocellularis, Rgc) reticular formation. Following [3H]choline injections into the lateral hypothalamus and into the basal forebrain, retrogradely labeled neurons were localized in the dorsolateral caudal midbrain and oral pontine tegmentum and in smaller number in the medial medullary reticular formation (Rgc), as well as in the midbrain, pontine and medullary raphe nuclei. After injections into the anterior medial frontal cortex, a small number of retrogradely labeled cells were found in the brain stem within the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. In a parallel immunohistochemical study, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons were found to be located in most of the regions of the reticular formation where cells were retrogradely labeled from the forebrain following [3H]choline injections. These results suggest that multiple cholinergic neurons within the lateral caudal midbrain and dorsolateral oral pontine tegmentum and a few within the caudal pontine and medullary reticular formation project to the thalamus, hypothalamus and basal forebrain and that a limited number of pontine cholinergic neurons project to the frontal cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Culture and characterization of bovine mesenteric lymphatic endothelium.

Lymphatic endothelial cells isolated from bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels were cultured and characterized. Lymphatic endothelial cells grew as a monolayer displaying an elongated morphology in preconfluent primary cultures. When confluent, the cells exhibited a polygonal morphology to form a "cobblestone" pattern previously described for cultured vascular endothelium. All culture lymphatic endothelial cells expressed Factor VIII-related antigen and bound Ulex europaeus I lectin. Ultrastructurally, cultured lymphatic endothelium was characterized by the presence of Weibel-Palade bodies as well as the usual cytoplasmic organelles.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Psychotherapy and black women: a survey.

A survey of black and white psychiatrists on the subject of nonpsychotic black female patients in psychotherapy yielded 93 usable responses. Among the findings are a profile of the average black woman in psychotherapy, responses to questions on clinical and therapeutic issues, and the role of racism as reported by the psychiatrists.THE PROFILE OF THE AVERAGE BLACK WOMAN IN PSYCHOTHERAPY THAT EMERGED WAS: she is married, in a technical or semi-professional occupation, with some college experience, in the age range of 26 to 40 years, and most often diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. The most frequent presenting problem is depression, with family problems second in frequency. Developing new coping mechanisms was the most difficult stage of the treatment process. Self-esteem was the most frequent unconscious conflict. Racial discrimination was most often incorportated as a symptom. The impact of racism on the treatment process most frequently occurred in the area of working through conflicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Radioimmunolocalization and selection for surgery in recurrent colorectal cancer.

The value of radioimmunolocalization (RIL) of cancer depends on its performance in situations where the result determines the choice of management. A rise in serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) values after apparently curative resection of colorectal cancer implies localized, resectable recurrence in some patients and widespread unresectable tumour in others. This study investigated the ability of RIL with radiolabelled antibody to CEA and a novel numerical method for analysis of results to determine the extent of disease in 31 patients with raised serum CEA but no physical signs of recurrence. Surgical exploration or conventional radiology later confirmed the presence of tumour in 94 per cent of sites which were positive by RIL. Negative RIL predicted the absence of disease in 53 per cent of patients. The investigation could discriminate between localized and disseminated disease and often performed better than conventional radiology. RIL appears useful in selection of patients for second look laparotomy.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗
PubMed1986

Retrograde labeling of neurons in the brain stem following injections of [3H]choline into the rat spinal cord.

In an attempt to identify cholinergic neurons in the brain stem which project to the spinal cord, [3H]choline (100, 20, 10, 5 or 1 microCi) was injected into the upper cervical spinal cord in 55 rats. The animals were killed 20 h later and the brains processed for autoradiography of diffusible substances. At all doses of [3H]choline, cells were consistently, retrogradely labeled in the medical medullary reticular formation, the lateral vestibular nucleus, the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and the red nucleus. The retrogradely labeled cells were found to be moderately to darkly stained for acetylcholinesterase. Injection of [3H]noradrenaline (50 microCi) into the upper cervical spinal cord resulted in retrograde labeling of cells in the locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus and the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum, that correspond in position to the neurons of the A6, A7 and A5 catecholamine cell groups, respectively. Injection of [3H]serotonin (20 microCi) into the upper cervical spinal cord was associated with retrograde labeling of cells in the raphe pallidus, obscurus and magnus nuclei that correspond in position to those of the B1, B2 and B3 serotonin cell groups, respectively. Injection of True Blue into the upper cervical spinal cord was followed by retrograde labeling of a large number of cells located in the areas where cells were retrogradely labeled by [3H]choline, [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]serotonin, and additionally, in the solitary tract nucleus, the lateral, parvicellular medullary reticular formation, the caudal and oral pontine reticular formation, the mesencephalic reticular formation and the superior colliculus. These results indicate that from the cervical spinal cord, [3H]choline selectively retrogradely labels a certain population of non-monaminergic, acetylcholinesterase-positive cells localized in the medial medullary, and secondarily the dorsolateral pontine, reticular formation, the lateral vestibular nucleus, and the red nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Erythema chronicum migrans of Lyme disease: diagnosis by monoclonal antibodies.

We demonstrated spirochetes from a skin lesion of the erythema chronicum migrans in a patient with Lyme disease by the murine monoclonal antibody (H9724). Frozen skin biopsy specimens reacted with murine monoclonal antibodies (H5332, H9724, and H4825) and were examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The spirochetes stained with monoclonal antibody H9724 and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated second antibody (goat antimouse IgG). The antibody H9724 is specific for the periplasmic flagellae (axial filaments) of several Borrelia species, including Ixodes dammini spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). No immunofluorescence staining was demonstrated with either monoclonal antibody H5332, specific for an outer membrane protein of North American strains of B. burgdorferi, or the antibody H4825, specific for an outer membrane protein of B. hermsii.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Modification of paradoxical sleep following transections of the reticular formation at the pontomedullary junction.

A retractable wire knife was employed to transect the reticular formation at the pontomedullary junction in order to assess the respective importance of pontine and medullary reticular neurons and their pathways in paradoxical sleep. Thirteen cats were implanted with a standard array of electrodes for polygraphic recording of sleep-wakefulness states during 3 days in baseline condition and during 21 days after transections. Average electroencephalographic (EEG) amplitude, average electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, and ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spike rate were measured per 1-min epoch for each day. A trivariate computer graphics display of 1 day's data revealed three major clusters of points that corresponded to wakefulness, slow wave sleep, and paradoxical sleep in baseline. (a) After transections through the entire reticular formation at the pontomedullary junction, paradoxical sleep was no longer evident in the trivariate computer graphics or polygraphic record, either by the presence of a high PGO spike rate or by that of muscle atonia in association with a low-amplitude EEG. These results indicated that the reticular fibers that pass through the pontomedullary junction and interconnect the pontine tegmentum and the medullary reticular formation are necessary for generating the cluster of electrographic variables that normally characterizes paradoxical sleep. (b) After transections through the dorsal half of the reticular formation, paradoxical sleep was still evident, though with a reduced PGO spike rate, and muscle atonia was normal. These results indicated that the descending noradrenaline locus coeruleus fibers and the "longitudinal catecholamine bundle," which course through the dorsal tegmentum, are not necessary for the generation of muscle atonia or the state of paradoxical sleep. (c) After transections through the ventral half of the reticular formation, paradoxical sleep was still apparent by the association of a moderate, though reduced, rate of PGO spiking in association with low-amplitude EEG activity and a high-amplitude EMG, indicating a loss of muscle atonia. The duration of the PS episodes, however, was greatly reduced. These results indicated that the descending "tegmentoreticular" and ascending reticulotegmental pathways, which course ventrally through the pontomedullary junction and interconnect the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and the ventromedial medullary reticular formation, are essential for the muscle atonia of paradoxical sleep and important for the normal cyclic generation and maintenance of the state of paradoxical sleep.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among blacks.

In this country schizophrenia has been consistently overdiagnosed and affective disorders underdiagnosed, particularly among blacks and lower socioeconomic groups. The general causes of such misdiagnoses include overreliance on the classic thought disorder symptoms as pathognomonic of schizophrenia and, for affective disorders, lack of clearly defined boundaries between normal and abnormal mood and failure to realize that patients with affective illness can manifest cognitive symptoms. In addition to the above factors, misdiagnosis among blacks results from such factors as cultural differences in language and mannerisms, difficulties in relating between black patients and white therapists, and the myth that blacks rarely suffer from affective disorders. Clinicians and researchers must pay more attention to the effects of cultural differences on diagnosis, and baseline behaviors and symptomatology for blacks must be established.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1985

The efferent projections from the reticular formation and the locus coeruleus studied by anterograde and retrograde axonal transport in the rat.

Following injections of [3H]leucine into the formatio reticularis gigantocellularis (Rgc), reticularis pontis caudalis (Rpc), reticularis pontis oralis (Rpo), reticularis mesencephali (Rmes), or the locus coeruleus (LC) of the rat, autoradiographic study revealed prominent reticuloreticular projections from all areas and secondary projections onto cranial nerve motor nuclei from most areas within the brain stem. Common long descending projections extended the full length of the spinal cord terminating in the ventromedial ventral horn and intermediate zone and more sparsely in the base of the dorsal horn and (particularly from Rgc) the region of the motoneurons. Common long ascending projections extended into the forebrain via Forel's tegmental fascicles. A dorsal branch of fibers innervated the intralaminar and midline nuclei of the thalamus. The major fiber system continued forward through Forel's fields and ascended into the pallidum from Rpo, Rmes, and LC and into the neostriatum from Rmes and LC. Fascicles from all areas also ascended in the medial forebrain bundle through the lateral hypothalamus to the lateral preoptic area, substantia innominata, and nuclei of the diagonal band. From Rpo, Rmes, and LC, fibers continued forward to reach the cerebral cortex, where the innervation was sparse and discrete from Rpo and Rmes but moderate and ubiquitous from LC. Retrograde transport of true blue and/or nuclear yellow revealed inverse gradients along the brain stem longitudinal axis of interdigitated cells respectively projecting caudally into the spinal cord (with the greatest number of cells in Rgc, Rpc, and Rpo) and rostrally into the diencephalon (with the greatest number of cells in Rmes and LC), with very few cells projecting both to the spinal cord and the diencephalon. From the basal forebrain, a large number of reticular and LC cells were retrogradely labelled, whereas from the frontal cortex, a much smaller number of reticular cells was labelled. These results document the widespread efferent projections from the reticular formation and overlapping, yet more extensive, projections from the LC.

Amidines↗
PubMed1985

Neurotransmitter receptor alterations in Huntington's disease: autoradiographic and homogenate studies with special reference to benzodiazepine receptor complexes.

In vitro receptor autoradiography was used to construct semiquantitative maps of subtypes of muscarinic cholinergic (labeled with [3H]N-methylscopolamine), benzodiazepine ([3H]flunitrazepam), gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]muscimol), dopamine, and serotonin ([3H]spiperone) receptors in frontal cortex, parietal cortex, caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus in tissue sections from 5 patients with clinically well-evaluated Huntington's disease and 5 controls matched with respect to age, sex, and postmortem delay. Homogenates were prepared from the remaining cortical and striatal tissue and used to characterize pharmacologically these same receptors, as well as histamine, adenosine, and nitrendipine receptors. Neuronal loss and gliosis were assessed in the contralateral formalin-fixed caudate and putamen. All binding sites measured (except serotonin) were reduced relative to control values in striatum primarily because of changes in the number of receptors rather than in affinity. Autoradiographic studies generally revealed that these changes were greater in the caudate than the putamen, paralleling the more severe neuropathological changes present in the caudate. In addition, autoradiographic studies demonstrated an increase in gamma-aminobutyric acid-related receptors in the globus pallidus. In the cortex, receptor alterations were limited to an increase in the number of benzodiazepine receptors in the frontal cortex which was most prominent in superficial cortical layers.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1985

Sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome is due to an intrarenal defect: evidence from steroid-induced remission.

There is increasing evidence that the sodium retention of nephrotic syndrome is directly due to an intrarenal mechanism and not to a low blood volume stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. However the mechanism of the natriuresis that occurs during remission is not known. Patients with nephrotic syndrome were therefore studied during steroid-induced remission. At the onset of natriuresis, blood volume and plasma albumin were low and did not change. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were initially high and both fell during the natriuresis. At the end of the natriuresis when patients had lost their oedema, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone rose to high levels, plasma albumin and blood volume remained low, and yet the patients were no longer retaining sodium and were in sodium balance. These observations suggest that the natriuresis of remission is due to the correction of an intrarenal mechanism causing the sodium retention. This study raises two major unanswered questions. Firstly, when the presumed intrarenal mechanism is corrected, what tells the kidney to excrete large amounts of sodium when the blood volume remains low? Secondly, why do the patients come back into sodium balance when the blood volume is low, and plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone are elevated?

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of asymptomatic cholelithiasis in pregnancy.

Using a static B scanner, 203 pregnant patients underwent cholecystosonography at the time of a routine 24-week ultrasound study. The incidence of asymptomatic cholelithiasis, 2.5%, was less than that reported by others. This low incidence and the increased time needed for cholecystosonography suggest that studies should be done on symptomatic patients only.

Adolescent↗