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Biomedical subjects

B E Copeland

Publications and source records attributed to B E Copeland.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Pathologic correlation in mammographically directed breast biopsies.

In a series of 1137 diagnostic breast biopsy specimens in a 2-year period, nearly half (n = 534) underwent specimen mammography. Calcifications were found in 48% of the specimen mammograms. In a quarter of the cases, calcification was a marker either for carcinoma or a significant precursor lesion. Moreover, in the majority of these malignancies, calcifications were markers of preinvasive carcinoma. In another quarter of cases, some form of proliferative ductal hyperplasia accounted for calcifications, and in the remainder, cysts and miscellaneous other conditions accounted for calcifications. The yield of malignancy was much lower in noncalcified specimens (12%). A nodular or asymmetric density proved to be a fibroadenoma in 30% of cases. However, the majority of cases had less well-defined changes, probably representing some form of lobular fibrosis. We found submission of a duplicate specimen mammogram with the breast biopsy specimen to pathology to be a significant adjunct to correlation. The abnormal area is marked on the mammogram by the radiologist for the pathologist. This is particularly helpful for localizing noncalcified stromal abnormalities. Calcifications are most easily and reliably isolated by serial slicing and performing another radiograph of the slices.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1989

Hemoglobin determination in plasma or serum by first-derivative recording spectrophotometry. Evaluation of the procedure of Soloni, Cunningham, and Amazon.

The authors tested the plasma hemoglobin measurement procedure of Soloni, Cunningham, and Amazon (Am J Clin Pathol 1986;85:342-347), which uses recording derivative spectrophotometry. By this technique, the authors were able to measure plasma or serum hemoglobin down to a level of 10 mg/L (1 mg/dL). The method was found to be quantitative and not affected by bilirubin or lipemia. Methemoglobin did not interfere with the assay. The observed first derivative maxima and minima were reproducible but instrument dependent. The authors applied this technique to the measurement of serum hemoglobin in 100 healthy human subjects. They observed a geometric mean value of 68 mg/L (6.8 mg/dL) with the actual range 21-189 mg/L (2.1-18.9 mg/dL). The authors confirm that this technique is a simple, rapid, and reproducible method for determining plasma or serum hemoglobin.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1981

Arterial blood gas standards for healthy young nonsmoking subjects.

Arterial blood gas analysis has become indispensable for precise physiologic assessment of many lung and heart conditions. Previous studies have related the level of arterial oxygenation to age, smoking habits, and the severity of lung or heart dysfunction. However, no study has reported complete normal blood gas values under all conditions most commonly used by cardiopulmonary laboratories to assess patients. Therefore, we assessed blood gas values in 20 nonsmoking volunteers (ten men, ten women) between 20 and 28 years of age who were healthy (negative heart-lung history and normal results on physical examination, chest radiography, and lung function testing). Blood samples were drawn from the radial artery and measured immediately on a blood gas analyzer. The findings were no significant different (P less than 0.05) in blood gas values among rest (supine), rest (sitting), and exercise (supine) conditions within sex groups; significantly lower mean PCO2 for women than for men under all conditions (except for subjects breathing 100% O2), and a higher pH for women in the rest (supine) position than under other conditions; and a lower mean PCO2 and higher pH for both groups breathing 100% O2. This study provides valid normal arterial blood gas reference standards for routine cardiopulmonary function testing.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

A multilaboratory-evaluated reference method for the determination of serum sodium.

We carried out a statistically designed, multilaboratory study to evaluate a flame atomic emission spectroscopic (FAES) method for serum sodium as a Reference Method. definitive values for the serum pools for the study, with sodium in the 110-160 mmol/L range, were determined at the National Bureau of Standards by an ion-exchange/gravimetry method. The multilaboratory FAES results were judged against the preselected performance criteria for the Reference Method: maximum imprecision 1.5 mmol/L, maximum bias 2.0 mmol/L. The standard error of a single laboratory's performance of the method varied with concentration from 0.46 to 0.86 mmol/L with a maximum bias of 1.0 mmol/L; thus, the criteria were satisfied. The cooperating laboratories performed the method with either manual or semi-automated pipetting. Although both modes of pipetting satisfied our acceptability criteria, only the method with semi-automated pipetting is described here as the Reference Method. The statistical results indicate that the precision criterion can be fulfilled with fewer than four replicate analyses.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

CT of fluid collections associated with pancreatitis.

Fluid collections are an important component of severe pancreatitis because they may produce a detectable mass and may be responsible for prolongation of fever and pain. Among 59 cases of clinically verified pancreatitis, 32 were shown by CT to be complicated by pancreatic and/or extrapancreatic fluid collections. Pancreatic fluid collections, diagnosed in 16 patients, were typically on the anterior or anterolateral surface of the gland and were covered only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. Extrapancreatic fluid collections were detected in the lesser sac (19 cases), anterior pararenal space (15), posterior pararenal space (six), in or around the left lobe of the liver (five), in the spleen (three), and in the mediastinum (one). The potential undesirable consequences of escape of pancreatic juice are necrosis, abscess formation, or prolonged inflammation of the peripancreatic tissues. Relative preservation of pancreatic integrity as observed by CT was regularly found in patients with large extrapancreatic fluid collections, suggesting that escape of pancreatic juice produces a beneficial decompression of the pancreatic duct system.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Significant bias between methods.

Cholesterol content of the high-density lipoproteins has become of interest in evaluating the risk of development of coronary heart disease. There is an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk. The authors found a significant bias (11.1 mg/dl; 0.289 mmol/l) in a comparison of a rapid cholesterol oxidase method and the Abell--Kendall method for quantitating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The two methods did not differ in the usual range of total serum cholesterol. Since methodology may vary, each laboratory's performance should be assessed prior to use of published risk factor data. The authors then studied normal male and female volunteers aged 20 to 35 years. They conclude that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is of value as a risk factor indicator in this age group. The relationship of total serum cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was studied. The authors conclude that they are independent indicators. Further, there is a range of efficiency of the high-density lipoprotein lipid-clearing function. Finally, the authors attempted unsuccessfully to predict high-density lipoprotein cholesterol from lipoprotein electrophoresis patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of an automated radioimmunoassay method and a competitive protein-binding method for evaluation of serum cortisol.

A competitive protein-binding method (CPB) for serum cortisol determination has been compared with a newly developed automated radioimmunoassay (RIA) technic with respect to reproducibility and correlation of patient results. The RIA method uses an immobilized anti-cortisol antibody covalently coupled to the inner surface of a plastic cartridge. A mixture of 3H-labeled and unlabeled cortisol is passed through the cartridge to achieve separation of free and bound cortisol. The bound cortisol is later eluted to regenerate the antibody for the next sample. The RIA procedure had a day-to-day coefficient of variation (CV) of 7% at three cortisol levels. The CPB method had a day-to-day CV of 10% at a concentration of 8 microgram/dl. A comparison of 67 patient samples showed no statistically significant difference between the methods. The regression equation was RIA = 0.96 CPB + 0.14 microgram/dl, with a correlation of 0.92.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed1978

Performance comparison of the Corning thin-film agarose and the Hyland thick-film agar methods for immunoelectrophoresis.

Many clinical laboratories do immunoelectrophoresis for qualitative assessment of proteins in biological fluids. Commercial kits are available that supply some or all of the necessary components, but the nature of these components varies. Seeking a reliable method for most easily preserving the original immunoelectrophoresis pattern as a permanent record, we compared a thick-film agar method to a thin-film agarose method in immunoelectrophoresis of a total of 70 serum and urine samples. For each sample, either method resulted in the same interpretation. The thin-film agarose method not only yields a stained, permanent record in about the same time that the thick film agar is ready for interpretation but not preservation, but also requires less antiserum, a smaller sample, and may not require purchase of additional hardware.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1977

An automatic leukocyte analyzer. Validity of its results.

A statistical study was undertaken to evaluate the Corning Larc Leukocyte Analyzer by comparing its results with those of 20 medical technologists with regard to reproducibility and degree of agreement. A special effort was made to use statistically quantitative comparisons, large numbers of samples, and a large group of technologists. The results of the Larc are frequently more reproducible than those of technologists, especially for bands and segmented neutrophils. Other comparative studies show that the Larc reports clinically equivalent proportions of the different cell types normal and abnormal. This is true for case by cases as well as cumulative comparisons. All known cases of leukemia was detected by the Larc during the study, although the number of samples from leukemia patients was small (11 of 700).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of serum calcium measurements with respect to five models of atomic absorption spectrometers using NBS-AACC calcium reference method and isotope-dilution mass spectrometry as the definitive method.

Utilizing the recently described reference method for calcium (NBS-AACC) and the recently developed definitive (referee) NBS method for serum calcium measurement by isotopedilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), an evaluation of five recent-model atomic absorption spectrometers was carried out. Under optimal conditions of instrument operation using aqueous standards, significant differences were found during the comparative analyses of three lyophilized pool samples and one liquid serum pool sample. Use of the NBS-AACC serum calcium protocol did not guarantee analytic results within +/- 2% of the IDMS value. In four of eight comparisons, differences from IDMS greater than 2% were observed. Several variables were studied to account for these differences. It was shown that a serum matrix, when present in standards used to bracket the unknown sample, reduced differences between instruments in four of four instances and improved the accuracy of the results from a range of -1.1 to +3.5% to +0.1 to +1.0%. It is concluded that a serum sample with a verified IDMS calcium value is a valuable tool that establishes an accurate and stable reference point for serum calcium measurement. The use of transfer-of-NBS-technology multipliers is suggested. Regional quality control serum pools and clinical chemistry survey sample materials that have been analyzed for calcium concentration by the NBS-IDMS definitive method are examples of these multipliers.

Calcium↗