Insights from a large rural population laboratory. Health census '89 and '99.
PURPOSE: Data are limited on health status behaviors and use of health services for rural residents. Yet rural areas now have higher rates of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, than urban areas.METHODS: A population laboratory (Health Census) was established in rural Central NY (Otsego County) to study these variables in this population. HC '89 was a door-to-door enumeration of all permanent households in the country. In 1989, 44,500 adults in 18,000 households provided data on individual health screenings, cancer and cardiovascular risk factors, health behaviors, chronic disease, access to care, preventive services use, health insurance and emergency department utilization. Data collection for HC '99 will identify 10-year trends; it also includes baseline data for children. Also, households in six surrounding rural counties (N = 10,000) were sampled; cost benefits of different survey methods were assessed. Questions about perceived health status, and special health and pediatric preventive care needs were included. After 10 years of social change, many limitations of traditional survey methods became apparent; much more varied and frequent types of follow-up were needed to achieve adequate response rates.RESULTS: The HC '89 final response rate was 86%. There were significant socioeconomic gradients in use of preventive services (blood pressure screening, rectal exams, mammograms and Pap smears). Adults without health insurance or Medicaid had much lower utilization rates of screening tests and higher rates of cigarette smoking and obesity. Several community intervention programs were implemented as a result of HC '89. HC '99 provides additional analyses to examine change in preventive service use, self-reported chronic disease, and health services use; it will likely verify the persistence of socioeconomic gradients. Response rates are similar to '89, but achieved only with more intensive reinforcement.CONCLUSIONS: HC '89 confirmed a lag in positive health indices in rural populations in Central NY. Both newer methodologies now needed and results of HC '99 will serve as guides for smaller rural counties to develop affordable local health surveys and plan intervention strategies.