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B Cauchemez

Publications and source records attributed to B Cauchemez.

54 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

[Characteristics and prognosis of ventricular arrhythmia in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia].

The authors report their findings in 47 cases of ventricular arrhythmias due to arrhythmogenic dysplasia. The 47 patients were selected on the presence of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation associated with dysplasia affecting selectively (44/47) or predominantly (3/47) the right ventricle at angiography. In this series males were predominant (38/47, 81 p. 100), familial incidence was high (13/47, 28 p. 100) and ECG abnormalities were constant. Most of the dysrhythmias (40/47) consisted of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) with left bundle branch block pattern (96 p. 100), occurring at the rate of 1.6 per patient on average and seldom with extreme axial deviation, as seen in post-infarction VT or VT associated with cardiomyopathy. The QRS complex was slightly prolonged (151 +/- 28 ms) and of high amplitude (2.5 +/- 1 mV on a VR, a VL and a VF leads), these values being intermediate between those of mild VT bursts and those of post-infarction or cardiomyopathy-related VT. The tachycardia was easily tippered by EP study, Intercritical Holter recordings showed frequent ventricular extrasystoles in the vast majority of cases; these were usually polymorphous and grouped into short bursts in one-half of the patients. On an 8.3 +/- 7 years' follow-up starting with the first attack of VT, it was found that only during the initial phase the spontaneous onset of VT was mediated by the adrenergic system (triggered by sports). Only 3 patients died during the follow-up period: one of ventricular fibrillation, 2 of right heart failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Value of beta blockers in the treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in cardiac insufficiency].

Beta-blockers were used to treat 20 patients (mean age 55 +/- 12 years) presenting with severe ventricular arrhythmia on chronic heart failure (NYHA stages II to IV; mean ejection fraction 29.7 +/- 7.8%) due to coronary disease (18 cases) or to cardiomyopathy (2 cases). Ventricular tachycardia sustained (7.6 +/- 6.3 attacks/patient) in 19 patients, unsustained in 18, monomorphous in 8 and polymorphous in 12, had been present for 12.4 +/- 18 months. In all but one hitherto untreated patient, the condition had failed to respond to amiodarone combined with a type Ia (19 patients) and type Ic (16 patients) antiarrhythmic drug. Short-term results were: 17 successes, 2 failures and 1 death due to cardiogenic shock. Fifteen patients were followed up for 14 +/- 6.7 months. Thirteen of them benefited from smaller doses of a formerly ineffective treatment; there was one failure, and one patient in whom the attacks of tachycardia, but not the numerous and polymorphous extrasystoles, were controlled by the beta-blockers suddenly died at night. The actuarial mortality rate was 11.4% as against an expected figure of 30% in such a high risk group. Although no significant changes in ejection fraction were observed, heart failure became worse in 8 patients, but it was compensated by diuretics and/or vasodilators. The effects of beta-blockers in resistant ventricular arrhythmia on heart failure suggest that an adrenergic factor is involved in the mechanism of arrhythmia. Provided treatment is progressive and its haemodynamic consequences carefully monitored, beta-blockade is well tolerated. Its effectiveness on severe arrhythmia and on mortality rate seems to confirm that it prevents sudden death by an anti-arrhythmic mechanism.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1987

[Surgery of Wolff-Parkinson-White: value of the epicardial approach. Apropos of 28 surgically treated cases].

The authors report their experience of 28 cases of the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome treated by surgery. Four patients had multiple accessory pathways; of the 32 bundles of Kent detected, 16 were in the postero-septal region. Surgery, performed under cardio-pulmonary bypass after epicardial mapping, consisted in atrioventricular disconnection using no special physical agent. With the exception of 2 cases, the left lateral accessory pathways were operated using a classical left intraatrial approach whereas in the right lateral and septal forms the main procedure of dissection of the right atrioventricular groove was carried out by an epicardial approach. There was one operative death due to haemodynamic and haemorrhagic problems in a top class athlete with two bundles of Kent, the interruption of which required two consecutive bypass procedures. In the 27 survivors, 29 of the 30 accessory pathways were successfully interrupted (96 p. 100). The only failure occurred in a patient with two bundles of Kent. On the other hand, in 2 patients, complete atrioventricular block was successfully obtained by surgical section of the His bundle during the same procedure in one case, and by postoperative catheter ablation in the other case in which surgery had failed. There were no cases of accidental permanent atrioventricular block. The results in this series confirm the value of surgery in the treatment of the WPW syndrome, especially in the septal forms which are reputed to be the most difficult but in which the approach is greatly simplified by the initial dissection of the tricuspid ring by an epicardial approach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Treatment of reflex vagal hypertonia in infants. Role of diphemanil (apropos of 50 cases)].

For a period of 20 months, 50 consecutive infants (mean age: 11 months) were given Diphemanil (atropine like synthetic drug) for reflex symptomatic bradycardia of probable vagal origin. Treatment's results were evaluated with the study of oculo-cardiac reflex (OCR) and Holter monitoring performed before and 3 months after the beginning of Diphemanil. If tolerance was generally good, it was not possible to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of the treatment on the whole group. However, assertive success was seen on individual cases. Holter and OCR data improved statistically. The other therapeutical means aiming at warning possible complications of the hypertonic vagal reflex were reviewed: inserting a cardiac pace-maker does not always prevent sudden death; a nodal sinus surgical selective denervation might be justified in certain exceptional cases, because of the severity of the spontaneous evolution or of the resistance to medical treatment.

Bradycardia↗
PubMed1986

Determinants of the spontaneous ectopic activity in repetitive monomorphic idiopathic ventricular tachycardia.

Twenty-four hour ambulatory electrocardiographic tape recordings of 30 patients (16 men and 14 women, mean age 42 +/- 17 years) with repetitive monomorphic idiopathic ventricular tachycardia were analyzed using a new computerized system designed to study 15 RR cycles and mean heart rate of the 3 minutes preceding any defined event. The mean (+/- SD) number of events analyzed per patient in 24 hours was 610 +/- 483 for single premature ventricular complexes, 622 +/- 490 for couplets, 260 +/- 411 for runs of 3 complexes, 186 +/- 476 for runs of 4, 108 +/- 173 for runs of 5, 82 +/- 129 for runs of 6 to 10 and 83 +/- 116 for runs of more than 10 complexes. The heart rate was faster before runs of ventricular tachycardia than before isolated extrasystoles (p less than 0.01) and a positive linear correlation was observed between the mean preceding heart rate and the type of extrasystolic activity, the length of the runs increasing with increasing preceding heart rate (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001). A long RR interval just before the occurrence of runs was present in 77% of the cases (23 of 30) with or without an oscillatory pattern of RR intervals due to bigeminy or trigeminy, and the length of the runs correlated positively with the duration of this long preceding diastole (r = 0.90, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Double fulguration of the bundles of His and Kent for recurrent tachycardia in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].

A 59 year old patient with a left postero-septal Kent bundle had daily attacks of reciprocating tachycardia resistant to anti-arrhythmic therapy and was referred for catheter ablation. Kent bundle activity was recorded in the proximal part of the coronary sinus. An endocavitary electric shock delivered at this site suppressed conduction through the Kent bundle for several minutes. Catheter ablation of the His bundle (2 X 200 joules) was then attempted suppressing anterograde conduction for 2 days, after which conduction was reestablished and the reciprocating tachycardia recurred. A second session of catheter ablation was carried out and 2 X 200 joules shocks were delivered in the coronary sinus and 4 to the Bundle of His. Complete anterograde and retrograde atrioventricular block was obtained. Two weeks later, the patient recovered anterograde conduction through the accessory pathway. Retrograde conduction through the Kent bundle was decremental, RP' lengthening with increasing heart rate. Conduction was detected in the His bundle but was insufficient to give rise to reciprocating rhythm. After one year's follow-up the patient was asymptomatic without treatment. Catheter ablation of physiological or accessory conduction pathways provides a valuable alternative to surgical treatment of pre-excitation pathways in the WPW syndrome resistant to medical therapy.

Bundle of His↗
PubMed1986

[Mechanisms determining sudden death. A cooperative study of 69 cases recorded using the Holter method].

A cooperative study involving 23 centres enabled review of 69 cases of sudden death occurring less than one hour after onset of symptoms recorded by the Holter method and not related to recent, clinically documented myocardial infarction or to class IV cardiac failure. The 15 cases of asystole (22 p. cent) were observed in elderly patients (73.3 +/- 2.7 years) whose known ischaemic heart disease (12/15) was confirmed in 10 cases as the direct cause by the preceding acute ST changes. In 2 cases, death resulted from AV block presumed to be iatrogenic. The 13 episodes of torsades de point (19 p. cent) occurred mainly in younger women (58.8 +/- 6 years) without apparent cardiac disease (8 cases) and were provoked by a Group IA antiarrhythmic drug (7 cases) or by hypokalemia (3 cases). Apart from 1 case of congenital long QT syndrome, slowing of the sinus rhythm was observed (78.3 +/- 2.6 to 60.2 +/- 2.7 bpm, p less than 0.001) in the 3 hours preceding these episodes, and ventricular bigeminy with a long coupling interval was recorded in the lasts seconds before the torsades. The 41 (59 p. cent) cases of ventricular fibrillation (VF) were observed in men aged 64.9 +/- 2 years with coronary artery disease (39/41). However signs of acute ischaemia were only found in 5 cases. The VF was primary in 8 cases and secondary to ventricular tachycardia (VT in 33 cases). An acceleration of the cardiac rhythm (83.3 +/- 3.4 to 90 +/- 4.1 bpm, p less than 0.01) was recorded in the hour preceding VF and other arrhythmias were common: atrial tachycardia (4 cases), atrial extrasystoles (4 cases), a new type of ventricular extrasystoles (VES). The VF and VT were preceded by a long cycle in 17 cases. The first complex was different from previous VES in 10 cases and identical to the previous VES in 16 cases; in 4 cases this feature could not be identified and in 11 cases there were no premonitory VES. The coupling interval of the initial VES was shorter than that of the most premature preceding VES (368 +/- 13 ms vs 442 +/- 19 ms, p less than 0.001), especially in primary VF (335 +/- 9 ms, N = 8) compared to polymorphic VT (360 +/- 12 ms, N = 11) or monomorphic VT (384 +/- 18 ms N = 22).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1986

[Determining factors of the repetitive bursts in ventricular tachycardia].

24-h ECG recordings were studied in 60 patients suffering from salvos of repetitive ventricular tachycardia (VT), in order to determine the parameters affecting the repetitive response in ventricular arrhythmias. The tracings were analysed with the use of ATREC II system allowing the systematic study of 15 RR intervals and the heart rate in the 3 min preceding each type of event. The mean number of events taken into account per patient and per 24h of recording amounted to 673 +/- 521 for isolated ventricular extrasystoles, to 568 +/- 461 for paired ventricular extrasystoles and 435 +/- 810 for bursts of VT. The whole group was divided into two groups according to the absence (A) or presence (B) of associated cardiopathy. Group A included 30 patients with a mean age of 42 +/- 17 years, group B included 30 patients with a mean age of 42 +/- 17 years, group B included 30 patients with a mean age of 57.4 +/- 12 years. Three major factors responsible for the repetitive activity could be disclosed: The heart rate preceding isolated ventricular extrasystoles was lower than that preceding the salvos of VT (p less than 0.01) the duration of which increased in a linear way with the sinus rate; Duration of the cycle preceding the last sinus beat before the bursts (long duration in 77% in group A and in 57% in group B). In 60% of cases in group A and 40% in group B the coupling interval was all the more long as the response was repetitive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Block of the atrioventricular trunk: diagnosis of the site by Holter monitoring].

Twelve patients with intrahisian AV block, confirmed later by electrophysiological investigations had Holter recordings showing the block (paroxysmal in 11 cases, permanent in 1 case). The diagnosis of the site of the block was made before endocavitary investigation in all cases on the following criteria: narrow QRS complexes in 10 out of 11 paroxysmal blocks (1 with phase III LBBB) with a sudden transition from 1/1 to 2/1 conduction. Only 3 patients had rare sequences of lower degree, Mobitz II block. Only 3 patients had 2 or more consecutive blocked P waves. The role of sinus tachycardia (block in phase III) was demonstrated in 10 out of 11 cases. The block was found on the first 24 hour Holter recording in all but 1 patient. This contrasts with paroxysmal trifascicular block: out of 46 patients recruited during the same period, only 4 had Holter recordings showing the block and this was not reproducible. The 12th patient had permanent AV block with wide QRS complexes and narrow sinus captures in the supernormal period in the morning. The sudden transition from 1/1 to 2/1 conduction in phase III is characteristic of intrahisian block and distinguishes it from intranodal AV block. All patients were improved by VDD mode pacing.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

[Ventricular rhythm disorders in congestive myocardiopathy].

The authors studied 32 patients with ventricular arrhythmias--ventricular tachycardia (VT) or frequent ventricular extrasystoles (VES) and/or runs of extrasystole and cardiomyopathy with dilatation. This diagnosis was retained on the following criteria: absence of angina or electrical changes in infarction, normal coronary angiography in patients over the age of 50, diffuse abnormalities of ventricular contraction on 2D echocardiography or angiography, and on the absence of organic valvular heart disease. Thirteen patients had sustained paroxysmal VT, 18 patients had runs of VT and only 8 patients had isolated VES without repetition. The arrhythmia was polymorphic in 25 patients. All possible combinations of morphology of right of left sided delay with variable axes were observed. There were 25 right sided delays and 18 left sided delays; the association of left sided delay and vertical axis was only present in 5 occasions. Twelve patients underwent electrophysiological investigations for sustained VT but the arrhythmia could only be induced by ventricular extrastimulation in 4 cases. Eight patients were investigated during VT; the arrhythmia could only be terminated easily in 2 cases. Three of these 12 patients had biventricular tachycardia. Of the 11 patients with chronic alcoholism, only 2 had sustained VT, 8 had polymorphic VES and 1 monomorphic VES. Conversely, of the 21 patients without alcoholism, 11 had sustained VT, 6 had polymorphic VES, and 4 had monomorphic VES. There was a correlation between the polymorphism of the arrhythmia and the degree of ventricular dysfunction: of the 16 patients in overt cardiac failure (EF less than 30%), only 1 had monomorphic VT; the 15 others all had polymorphic arrhythmias. Only 2 had sustained VT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Polymorphic familial incessant ventricular rhythm disorders with ventricular repolarization abnormalities: borderline form of the congenital long QT syndrome?].

Two cases of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) are reported in siblings: the elder sister (18 years) was admitted to hospital because of syncope and ECG showed incessant attacks of VT. There was no obvious cardiac disease on echocardiography or cardiac catheterisation. A second syncopal attack occurred during Holter monitoring: this showed prolonged torsades de pointe which terminated spontaneously after a few minutes. Both syncopal attacks occurred at moments of intense emotional stress. Concomitantly, the duration of ventricular repolarisation was also observed to be increased. The attacks of polymorphic VT disappeared when the atrial rhythm accelerated, for example during exercise of isoprenaline infusion. It was not possible to induce VT by ventricular extrastimulation. The arrhythmia was controlled by nadolol and propafenone or flecainide. A familial investigation revealed that a younger brother had attacks of incessant VT with a long QT interval. The mother had frequent polymorphic ventricular extrasystoles and abnormal ST-T wave changes. The association of familial ventricular arrhythmias and long QT interval is suggestive of the Romano-Ward syndrome, but in this condition the intercritical ECG is normal except for the long QT. Conversely, in benign VT, the arrhythmia disappears during atrial pacing and exercise but there have been a few reports of sudden death. Our two cases could represent an intermediary form between these two pathological entities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Anti-arrhythmic effect of oral propafenone. Apropos of 70 cases].

During a 3 year period, seventy patients aged 53 +/- 16 years with a total of 73 arrhythmias were treated over a mean period of 6.8 months (maximum 27 months) with oral propafenone, the usual dose being 900 mg/day. The study covered the whole spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias (32 supraventricular, 41 ventricular), and their relation to the autonomic nervous system. The efficacy was scored from 1 (no effect) to 5 (complete control) as judged by the clinical response, the results of Holter monitoring (175 control and 133 test recordings on therapy), and a comparison was made between the effects of propafenone and other antiarrhythmics: quinidine-like drugs, beta-blockers and amiodarone. With respect to supraventricular arrhythmias: 9 cases of vagally-induced atrial flutter and fibrillation were unaffected by propafenone (mean score = 1.1). On the other hand, the drug was very effective (mean score = 4.1) in 8 cases of adrenergic atrial arrhythmias. In 12 arrhythmias with more varied mechanisms (extrasystoles, tachysystole, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) an intermediate score was obtained (2.8). Three cases of resistant junctional tachycardia due to reentry were improved. At ventricular level, 5 cases of extrasystole sensitive to quinidine were also improved by propafenone (4.6); the difference was more clearcut in 8 cases of benign idiopathic tachycardia (propafenone: 4.1, and quinidine: 2.4). This was more marked in 13 cases of more severe arrhythmia in diseased hearts in which the effect of propafenone (4.1) was superior even to that of amiodarone. However, propafenone was less effective (3.3) than amiodarone in 4 cases of severe polymorphic idiopathic ventricular tachycardia closely related to the autonomic nervous system. The antiarrhythmic effect of propafenone was appreciable in 10 cases of resistant post-infarction ventricular tachycardia, eventually in association with amiodarone. Slowing of the sinus rhythm (-11.6%) with no change in the day/night ratio was due to beta-inhibition. However, in toxic doses this may progress to sinoatrial block (9 cases). A lengthening of the PR interval and duration of QRS was common, but this was not complicated by torsade de pointes, one case of which was successfully treated by propafenone. Secondary gastro-intestinal effects and vertigo were rarely severe enough to warrant stopping therapy. In conclusion, these results show that the introduction of propafenone is a valuable therapeutic advance in the treatment of arrhythmias, especially in those with a favoring adrenergic mechanism.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

[Antidromic reciprocating rhythm in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome precipitated by a ventricular extrasystole arising at the emergence of the preexcitation pathway].

A 9 year old child was investigated for attacks of wide QRS complex tachycardia occurring exclusively during the daytime and favoured by exercise or stress, with ventricular extrasystoles of the same form occurring between attacks. Endocavitary investigation showed a concealed atrioventricular accessory pathway during sinus rhythm with anterograde 1/1 conduction up to 270/min; retrograde conduction was not so good with block occurring at 175/min. The spontaneous tachycardia was reproduced by catecholamine infusion: it was an antidromic reciprocating rhythm triggered by a ventricular extrasystole of identical form to that of a pure preexcitation complex and to that of the tachycardia complexes. Spontaneous termination of attacks always occurred when conduction from the ventricle to the atria stopped. The attacks could be induced by ventricular extrastimuli when they caused an increment in retrograde conduction time resulting from retrograde conduction up the nodohisian pathway and not the Kent bundle. The tachycardia could also be initiated by atrial extrastimuli providing pure pre-excitation could be obtained. In both cases, retrograde conduction of the nodohisian pathway had to be improved by catecholamines. When the patient was given betablocker therapy the attacks of tachycardia completely disappeared. The association of ventricular extrasystoles and antidromic reciprocating rhythm and their morphological identity suggest that these extrasystoles were in fact automatic activity of the Kent bundle. Escape phenomena as signs of passive automatism have been described in this conditions but, to our knowledge, extrasystoles suggesting an active automatic process have not been previously reported.

Cardiac Complexes, Premature↗
PubMed1982

Failure in the rate adaptation of the atrial refractory period: its relationship to vulnerability.

We evaluated the relationship of rate-dependent changes in atrial refractoriness to atrial vulnerability in 39 patients. Vulnerability was considered present when sustained atrial tachyarrhythmias, lasting longer than 1 minute, could be provoked with one to three extra stimuli. Adaptation of atrial refractory period duration to rate was defined as: normal: steep rate reduction with a linear correlation slope value of 0.08 or more; non-adaptation: absence of rate reduction, the slope value being 0 to 0.01; poor adaptation: slight reduction with rate, the slope having values of 0.02 to 0.07. Increased vulnerability was demonstrable in 16 of 17 patients with non-adaptation of the effective refractory period (ERP), and in 10 of 10 with a similar defect of the functional refractory period (FRP); in the intermediate category (poor adaptation) the results for ERP and FRP were 7/11 and 5/6. By way of contrast when both measurements showed normal adaptation, vulnerability was elicited in 2/9 patients. The significance between these groups showed P less than 0.005. Of 17 patients with atrial arrhythmia by Holter, 14 showed poor or non-adaptation of the ERP. It is suggested that poor or absent rate adaptation of the atrial refractory period, and a propensity to atrial fibrillation or flutter, constitute a clinical entity not previously described.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The surgical section of the bundle of Kent as an operative treatment of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: apropos a series of 82 operated cases].

Eighty two patients diagnosed of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) underwent operation for the surgical section of the Kent-His bundle. In these cases, posteroseptal localization (PS) occurred in 32, left lateral (LL) in 25, right lateral (RL) in six, anteroseptal (AS) in one, posteroseptal and left lateral in 14, right and left posteroseptal in two, anteroseptal and left lateral in one, and left lateral and right and left posteroseptal in one. All of the patients presented an invalidating clinical of palpitations and/or loss of consciousness, and episodes of atrial fibrillation and/or reciprocal rhythm were registered in all cases. The mean anterograde refractory period in the accessory pathways was 244 +/- 60 msec, and the shortest RR in atrial fibrillation was 190 +/- 36 msec. A mitral commissurotomy was carried out in 3 patients during surgery, mitral prostheses were implanted in two, a double aorto-coronary bypass was made in three and an interventricular communication was closed in one. After a follow-up of 36 +/- 18 months, the surgical section of the Kent bundle was found to be effective in 77 out 82 patients (94%). (In 70 out of 77 cases, both anterograde and retrograde conduction were totally abolished and in seven out of 77 obtunded. All patients were asymptomatic during the follow-up period). In 5 out of 82 patients, surgical treatment was ineffective all five showed a PS Kent-His and two presented a second Kent-His fascicle (LL).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prognostic factors for success in catheter ablation of the right Kent bundle: report of 27 patients].

In 27 patients with atrial fibrillation and/or reciprocating tachycardia, ablation of right-sided Kent bundles (23 in the right posterior paraseptal region and four of the right free wall) was performed. The anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathways was 253 +/- 70 msec and the shortest R-R interval during atrial fibrillation 211 +/- 47 msec. Cumulative energies of 589 +/- 396 J per patient were used, with 3 +/- 2 shocks and 195 +/- 312 J per shock. Accessory pathway ablation was effective in 16/27 patients (59%) during an 11 +/- 8 months of follow-up (in 15/16 pre-excitation disappeared; in nine of them the anterograde and retrograde conductions were abolished and in the other six the anterograde and retrograde conductions were severely altered; ablation was partially ineffective in 1/16 patients who remained asymptomatic on medical treatment and without inducible reciprocal rhythm). Ablation was ineffective in 11/27 patients. Three hours after ablation a patient died from electromechanical dissociation; during ablation a 200 J shock cancelled preexcitation, not being possible to produce reciprocal rhythm. The emergency echocardiography only showed a minimum posterior pericardial effusion. Ablation was effective in 15/23 patients (65%) right posterior paraseptal. Overall success in 1989 (10/27 patients) was 70% (7/10 patients). The success in 1989 was 70% (6/8 patients) right posterior paraseptal. The shortest RP' interval (was 82 +/- 19 msec) during the reciprocal rhythm, where the ablation was performed, was 82 +/- 19 msec (74 +/- 17 msec with success and 99 +/- 19 msec with failure).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗