Biomedical subjects

B C Lee

Publications and source records attributed to B C Lee.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

A monoclonal antibody directed against the 97-kilodalton gonococcal hemin-binding protein inhibits hemin utilization by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae expresses two hemin-binding proteins (HmBPs) of 97,000 and 44,000 in molecular weight. A murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) produced against the 97-kDa HmBP from N. gonorrhoeae PID543 specifically inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the ability of hemin to promote growth. The anti-97-kDa HmBP MAb competitively inhibited binding of the 97-kDa HmBP to a hemin-agarose affinity column. In Western immunoblots, the MAb recognized the 97-kDa homologs from a limited survey of clinical gonococcal isolates. These results support the contention that the 97-kDa HmBP is involved in the gonococcal hemin acquisition pathway.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1997

Airway goblet cell mucin: its structure and regulation of secretion.

Mucociliary clearance is a major function of the airway epithelium. This important function depends both on the physicochemical properties of the airway mucus and on the activity of the cilia. The former, in turn, is dependent mainly on the quality and quantity of mucous glycoproteins or mucins, which are produced by two different cell types, namely, goblet cells of the epithelium and mucous cells of the submucosal gland. Neither the structural nor the functional differences of mucins produced by these two cell types are yet known. The availability of primary airway epithelial cell culture systems, however, has made it possible to study the structure and regulation of airway goblet cells to some extent. The epithelial mucins are extremely hydrophobic and are associated with various macromolecules, the quality and quantity of which may also affect the physicochemical properties of the mucus. Secretion of epithelial mucins is stimulated by various factors, including a number of inflammatory agents. The recent progress in mucin molecular biological research will allow us to identify different mucin core proteins produced by those different cell types, and, hopefully, the differential functions of these mucins in health and disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Case-control study of agricultural injuries to women in central Wisconsin.

A small number of women are the owner/operators of farms and women often participate in the work of production agriculture. Estimates of the percentage of females involved in agricultural injuries range from 11-45% and it is not clear if the risk factors associated with injuries to women are different from those for men. In a two year case-control study of injuries to farm residents, there were 40 injuries involving adult women. Multivariable analysis revealed that the two major risk factors for agricultural injury to females were number of hours worked and the presence of bulls on the farm. Most (55%) of the women were injured while in a barn. A cow was the primary agent of injury in 17 (42.5%) of the cases. Efforts to reduce the rate of injuries to women in agriculture should be targeted to the particular risks they experience.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1997

Diagnostic testing for acute head injury in children: when are head computed tomography and skull radiographs indicated?

OBJECTIVE: Despite the frequent occurrence of head injury in children, there is no agreement about clinical screening criteria that indicate the need for imaging studies. This study was undertaken to provide information relevant to the choice of imaging modalities in children with acute head trauma. METHODOLOGY: A prospective cohort of 322 children seeking care consecutively in an urban pediatric emergency department for nontrivial head injury was assembled. Skull radiographs, head computed tomography, and data forms including mechanism of injury, symptoms, and physical findings were completed for each child. RESULTS: Intracranial injury occurred in 27 children (8%), whereas 50 (16%) had skull fractures. Of those with intracranial injury, 16 (59%) had normal mental status and no focal abnormalities, and 1 of those 16 required surgery for evacuation of an epidural hematoma. Six (38%) of the 16 were younger than 1 year, 5 of whom had scalp contusion or hematoma without other symptoms. Findings not significantly associated with intracranial injury were scalp contusion, laceration, hematoma, abrasion, headache, vomiting, seizure, drowsiness, amnesia, and loss of consciousness for less than 5 minutes. Findings associated with intracranial injury were skull fracture, signs of a basilar skull fracture, loss of consciousness for more than 5 minutes, altered mental status, and focal neurologic abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: Intracranial injury may occur with few or subtle signs and symptoms, especially in infants younger than 1 year. The relative risk for intracranial injury is increased almost fourfold in the presence of a skull fracture, although the absence of a skull fracture does not rule out intracranial injury. The significance of nonsurgical intracranial injury in neurologically normal children needs further study.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1997

Surgical treatment of intestinal Behçet's disease.

From 1983 to 1994, we diagnosed 37 cases of intestinal Behçet's disease and performed operations on 26 patients at the Surgical Department of Yonsei University Medical Center. Sixty percent of patients were in their teens and twenties (mean age: 36.4 years). Preoperative diagnosis of Behçet's disease was correctly made in only 8 cases (30%). In 32 cases (86.5%), the lesion was localized regardless of the number of ulcers. A solitary ulcer was observed in 22 cases (60%), while multiple ulcers were present in 15 cases. A recurrence after the initial operation was observed in 12 patients (46.1%) and reoperation was performed 19 times. Fifty percent of recurrence developed within 2 years after each operation. The type of operation, the location of lesion and the number of ulcers did not appear to be related to the recurrence. As a preoperative diagnosis is difficult and the recurrence rate is high, post- operative periodic follow-up with radiography and endoscopy are strongly recommended. At the time of operation, the entire bowel should be examined and bowel resection should include a generous normal resection margin as well as skip lesions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Aortic stenosis in children: 19-year experience.

BACKGROUND: In the Taiwanese literature, few articles describe the pertinent features of aortic stenosis (AS). This study explores the features of AS in Chinese children. METHODS: 3808 children with congenital heart diseases have undergone cardiac catheterization at our institution over the past 19 years. Among them, 51 (1.3%) cases were AS. The clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and catheterization findings, the methods of treatment and outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS: Valvular AS occurred in 39 children (76.5%), subvalvular AS in 5 (9.8%), and supravalvular AS in 7(13.7%). Male was predominant (M/F ratio, 2.6) except in supravalvular type. Forty-three patients had associated cardiovascular defects. Aortic regurgitation (AR) was the most common one. Most patients (56.9%) were asymptomatic. Classic symptoms included exertional dyspnea (17.6%), syncope (9.8%), and chest pain (7.8%), etc. Left ventricular hypertrophy was noted in 31.2% of cases. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.9 +/- 3.4 years. Ten patients received open-heart surgery and 2 received balloon dilation. The pressure gradients across the stenotic area dropped from 95.3 +/- 29.3 to 51.4 +/- 35.8 and 53.1 +/- 12.3 mm Hg in early and late Doppler follow-up studies, respectively (p < 0.05). The average gradient increased from 36.9 +/- 25.3 to 40.8 +/- 32.6 mm Hg in nonsurgical patients. The result was insignificant. No mortality occurred following open-heart surgery. One child expired due to heart failure after the ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus and dilation of the stenotic aortic valve on the surgical table under general anesthesia. Autopsy revealed valvular rupture. In the nonsurgical group, no mortality occurred, but one patient was brought home by parents in critical condition and later died. CONCLUSIONS: We found that some clinical features of AS in Chinese children were different from those in occidental populations. (1) The incidence of AS was relatively low. (2) Subvalvular AS was the least common type in contrast to supravalvular AS in western studies. (3) Male predominance was not present in the supravalvular type, which lacked sexual proclivity. (4) Williams syndrome was a more frequently associated anomaly. Turner syndrome was not present in our study. (5) Isolated AS was less frequent. (6) The unusual finding such as right ventricular hypertrophy on EKG was present due to associated cardiac anomalies. Open-heart surgery is effective and safe, but the efficacy of balloon dilation requires further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Transcatheter embolization of coronary artery fistula: a case report.

Coronary artery fistula is rare, but it is the most common congenital coronary artery anomaly with hemodynamic significance. It usually causes no symptoms in young patients but may be associated with symptoms and complications in older patients. Surgery has been the traditional treatment. In this report, a 7-year-old girl who had a coronary artery fistula from the left circumflex coronary artery to the right atrium was successfully treated by percutaneous transcatheter technique.

Arterio-Arterial Fistula↗

PubMed1996

A hematopoietic organ-specific 49-kD nuclear antigen: predominance in immature normal and tumor granulocytes and detection in hematopoietic precursor cells.

A 49-kD protein was specifically detected in hematopoietic organs by Western blotting with a novel mouse monoclonal antibody (B92) raised against stromal cells. The protein was found in the immunizing cells using a sensitive method. However, its detection in the bone marrow by the B92 antibody seemed to stem from the abundance of p49 in immature cells of the myeloid lineage. Study of the bone marrow following in vivo irradiation or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment, in vitro culture with differentiation-inducing factors and long-term culture, and cell sorting all pointed in the same direction: the protein was found in early myeloid cells and in hematopoietic precursor cells. These results were in accordance with the specific presence of p49 in primary radiation-induced myeloid leukemia and its absence in spontaneous B lymphoma. Immunofluorescent staining using B92 antibody detected a nuclear antigen forming a dotted pattern in early myeloid cells and day 12 colony-forming units-spleen (CFU-S). Nuclear localization of p49 was further demonstrated by subcellular fractionation followed by Western blotting. We thus identified a nuclear protein that within the hematopoietic population is detected in hematopoietic precursor cells, predominates in early myeloid cells, and is reduced following differentiation. These properties imply that p49 might be involved in the regulation of hematopoietic cell growth or differentiation.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1996

Sterol regulatory element binding protein binds to a cis element in the promoter of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene.

Sterol-regulated transcription of the gene for rat farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase (geranyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate geranyltranstransferase, EC 2.5.1.10) is dependent in part on the binding of the ubiquitous transcription factor NF-Y to a 6-bp element within the proximal promoter. Current studies identify a second element in this promoter that is also required for sterol-regulated transcription in vivo. Mutation of three nucleotides (CAC) within this element blocks the 8-fold induction of FPP synthase promoter-reporter genes that normally occurs when the transfected cells are incubated in medium deprived of sterols. Gel mobility-shift assays demonstrate that the transcriptionally active 68-kDa fragment of the sterol regulatory element (SRE-1)-binding protein assays (SREBP-1) binds to an oligonucleotide containing the wild-type sequence but not to an oligonucleotide in which the CAC has been mutated. DNase 1 protection pattern (footprint) analysis indicates that SREBP-1 binds to nucleotides that include the CAC. Both the in vivo and in vitro assays are affected by mutagenesis of nucleotides adjacent to the CAC. Coexpression of SREBP with a wild-type FPP synthase promoter-reporter gene in CV-1 cells results in very high levels of reporter activity that is sterol-independent. In contrast, the reporter activity remained low when the promoter contained a mutation in the CAC trinucleotide. We conclude that sterol-regulated transcription of FPP synthase is controlled in part by the interaction of SREBP with a binding site that we have termed SRE-3. Identification of this element may prove useful in the identification of other genes that are both regulated by SREBP and involved in lipid biosynthesis.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗

PubMed1996

Phase I and pharmacologic study of 7- and 21-day continuous etoposide infusion in patients with advanced cancer.

PURPOSE: This phase I study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and tolerability of prolonged infusional etoposide, and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: A group of 17 patients received a 7-day infusion of etoposide (schedule A) every 21 days at doses from 30 to 75 mg/m2 per day, and a second group of 37 patients a 21-day infusion (schedule B) every 28 days at doses from 18 to 40 mg/m2 per day. Patients had a median Karnofsky performance status (PS) of 80%, and 34 patients had no prior chemotherapy. Etoposide concentrations at steady state (Css) and other pharmacokinetic parameters (plasma clearance, CLp; area under the curve, AUC) were determined during the first treatment cycle. Correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the relationship between variables. RESULTS: Myelosuppression was the major toxicity, and was associated with three deaths. The maximum tolerated dose due to neutropenia was 75 mg/m2 per day for schedule A and 40 mg/m2 per day for schedule B. There was significant interpatient pharmacokinetic variability in both infusional schedules. Even though etoposide dose levels did not significantly correlate with plasma levels, the Css was > or = 1 microgram/ml in the majority of the patients. A significant correlation between AUC and neutrophil absolute decrease was noted only in schedule B (r = 0.56, P = 0.003). There were several marginal relationships in schedule B: PS versus Css (r = 0.31, P = 0.058), PS versus AUC (r = -0.38; P = 0.058) and age versus CLp (r = -0.31, P = 0.057). CONCLUSION: Overall, significant correlations were found for several hematologic variables and etoposide dose levels, but not with the Css values. One major problem with the application of pharmacodynamic models to predict hematologic toxicity in clinical practice is the presence of significant interpatient variability.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

A program of operative angioplasty: endovascular intervention and the vascular surgeon.

PURPOSE: Vascular surgeons are ideally suited to select and perform endovascular interventions either as primary therapy or as an adjunct to bypass surgery. Attaining proficiency in endovascular techniques is an important goal in the training of vascular surgeons. We report our initial experience with a program of endovascular intervention performed in the operating room by vascular surgeons. METHODS: During the previous three years, we performed 109 angioplasty procedures, 60 aortoiliac (55%), 32 femoropopliteal (29%), and 17 popliteal/tibial (16%), using guidewires and angioplasty balloons directed by intraoperative digital subtraction C-arm arteriography with road-mapping capabilities. Indications for angioplasty included disabling claudication in 59 patients (54%), rest pain in 18 (17%), and tissue loss in 32 (29%). Angioplasty was accompanied by stent placement in 39 of 60 aortoiliac procedures (65%) and in two of 32 femoral procedures (6%). In 16 cases (15%), the endovascular procedure was performed in conjunction with a bypass procedure. In selected cases (15, 14%), duplex scanning was the sole diagnostic method used before surgery to identify the lesion, eliminating the need for preoperative arteriographic scans. Segmental pressure measurements, duplex ultrasound scans, and treadmill exercise testing as indicated were performed before and after surgery. The efficacy of the endovascular intervention was assessed at 3-month intervals during the first year and at 6-month intervals thereafter. RESULTS: A successful results was defined using criteria recommended by the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Endovascular Procedures from the Society for Vascular Surgery/International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. This included the combination of symptomatic improvement, obtaining an anatomically successful result with < 30% residual lumen stenosis, and elimination of the translesion gradient with an improvement in high thigh-brachial index or ankle-brachial index greater than 0.15. Initial success was achieved in 55 of 60 aortoiliac (92%), 28 of 32 femoropopliteal (88%), and 16 of 17 popliteal/tibial (94%) angioplasty procedures. Clinical follow-up has been achieved in all cases, with continued clinical success rates of 80%, 75%, and 82% for aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, and popliteal/tibial angioplasty procedures, respectively, with a mean follow-up of 15.7 months. CONCLUSION: These results confirm the value of a program in which C-arm technology was used by vascular surgeons in the performance of angioplasty and stenting procedures in the operating room. This experience in therapeutic endovascular intervention will facilitate the credentialing process for future vascular surgeons.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Prolonged infusion of etoposide in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

We assessed the efficacy and toxicity of two etoposide infusional schedules in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Twenty-six patients were treated with a 21-day infusion every 28 days at a dose of 25-40 mg/m2/d, and six patients with a 7-day infusion every 21 days at a dose of 45-75 mg/m2/d. Sixty-three percent of patients had a Karnofsky status of 80% or better, and only five (15%) patients had prior chemotherapy. Plasma etoposide concentrations were determined in 26 patients. Sixty-nine treatment cycles were administered. Two patients (6.3%; 90% confidence interval, 1.1-18.4%) had partial responses; with response durations of 2 and 7 months, respectively. The median survival was 4 months. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 13 of 69 cycles (19%) and was associated with three toxic deaths. Ten patients required RBC transfusions. Nausea was common, but was associated with vomiting in only 7% of all cycles. The interpatient variability of etoposide concentrations at steady state was significant. We conclude that the antitumor activity of prolonged infusion of etoposide is not superior to standard dose and schedule in advanced NSCLC.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

A population based case-control study of agricultural injuries in children.

OBJECTIVES: To identify preventable risk factors related to agricultural injuries occurring to children on family farms. SETTING: A geographically defined central region of Wisconsin, USA with nearly 1800 family dairy farms. METHODS: A two year, population based incidence study of occupational injuries among farm residents was conducted. For cases, trained staff abstracted information on the nature, severity, and treatment of the injury from the patient's medical record. Staff also administered a telephone questionnaire to cases and controls, usually answered by parents. RESULTS: There were 60 cases of farm residents younger than 18 years who sought care for acute agriculture related injuries. Farms on which uninjured children lived served as controls (n = 102). Multivariate analyses of 16 different variables revealed three significantly related to injuries to children: hours worked per week (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01 to 1.08); presence of disabled safety device (OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.10 to 6.35); and feeding cows by grazing (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.06 to 8.83). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions designed to reduce the risk of agricultural injuries to farm children should acknowledge the participation of children as productive workers on the farm. Although education has been the standard method for encouraging safe practices in farm work, additional approaches, such as limiting the number of hours a child works, avoiding the disabling of safety devices, and using specific methods of managing cows, should also be adopted to minimize injury risks to farm children.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1996

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with glial tumors: a multicenter study.

The authors represent a cooperative group of 15 institutions that examined the feasibility of using metabolic features observed in vivo with 1H-magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy to characterize brain tumors of the glial type. The institutions provided blinded, centralized MR spectroscopy data processing long with independent central review of MR spectroscopy voxel placement, composition and contamination by brain, histopathological typing using current World Health Organization criteria, and clinical data. Proton 1H-MR spectroscopy was performed using a spin-echo technique to obtain spectra from 8-cc voxels in the tumor and when feasible in the contralateral brain. Eighty-six cases were assessable, 41 of which had contralateral brain spectra. Glial tumors had significantly elevated intensities of choline signals, decreased intensities of creatine signals, and decreased intensities of N-acetylaspartate compared to brain. Choline signal intensities were highest in astrocytomas and anaplastic astrocytomas, and creatine signal intensities were lowest in glioblastomas. However, whether expressed relative to brain or as intratumoral ratios, these metabolic characteristics exhibited large variations within each subtype of glial tumor. The resulting overlaps precluded diagnostic accuracy in the distinction of low-and high-grade tumors. Although the extent of contamination of the 1H-MR spectroscopy voxel by brain had a marked effect on metabolite concentrations and ratios, selection of cases with minimal contamination did not reduce these overlaps. Thus, each type and grade of tumor is a metabolically hetero-geneous group. Lactate occurred infrequently and in all grades. Mobile lipids, on the other hand, occurred in 41% of high-grade tumors with higher mean amounts found in glioblastomas. This result, coupled with the recent demonstration that intratumoral mobile lipids correlate with microscopic tumor cell necrosis, leads to the hypothesis that mobile lipids observed in vivo in 1H-MR spectroscopy may correlate independently with prognosis of individual patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Interactions between leukemia cells and bone marrow stromal cells: stroma-supported growth vs. serum dependence and the roles of TGF-beta and M-CSF.

Leukemia cell lines that do not proliferate in the absence of serum grow well when cultured with stromal cells. To study this growth dependence on stroma, we selected the M1 myeloblast clone, since its stroma dependence is reminiscent of that exhibited by hematopoietic stem cells. Conditioned medium form a stromal cell line, prepared under serum-free conditions, contained an activity that induced the proliferation of M1 cells and was therefore designated M1 myeloid activity (MMA). Among the various cytokines tested for MMA-like activity, only transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were found to affect M1 cell survival, and the two cytokines acted synergistically to induce M1 cell growth. Antibodies to both TGF-beta and M-CSF abolished most, but not all, of the MMA in the medium conditioned by stromal cells, indicating that additional factors contribute to MMA. A subclone of M1 cells, M1/M2, selected in medium conditioned by stroma, was found to respond to stromal stimulation but was unable to proliferate in fetal calf serum (FCS). Neutralization experiments indicated that M1/2 cell growth depended mainly on M-CSF and also partially on TGF-beta. By contrast, the same neutralizing antibodies did not affect the ability of serum to support M1 cell growth. The molecules that promoted leukemia cell growth in serum seemed therefore to differ from those provided by stroma. This model system may offer novel information on the interactions of normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells with their stromal microenvironment.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

A clinical observation of term infants with critical cardiovascular disorders.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disorders are known to be the major causes for infants requiring intensive care. The consequences of the treatment given to these infants suffering from congestive heart failure and/or cyanosis need to be evaluated. METHODS: A total of 210 infants both at term suffering from critical cardiovascular problems were hospitalized in the pediatric and neonatal ICU between July 1990 and December 1993. The etiology, clinical data, emergency procedures and outcomes of infants with or without congestive heart failure or cyanosis were analyzed. RESULTS: Congenital cardiac defects were the most common cause of critical cardiovascular disorders in infancy. These included ventricular septal defect in 42 (20%), Tetralogy of Fallot in 22 (10.5%), Dtransposition of the great arteries in 20 (9.5%) cases, etc. The most common symptoms and signs observed were congestive heart failure in 162 (77.1%) and cyanosis in 137 (65.2%) cases. In spite of aggressive medical and surgical treatments, the outcomes were still unsatisfactory. The mortality rate was found to be the same in infants with or without congestive heart failure, but was significantly higher in infants with cyanosis than in those without cyanosis, after operation (28.5% vs 5.5%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Infants suffering from critical cardiovascular disorders need urgent medical and surgical treatments in intensive care units. In spite of treatment, the outcomes are still unsatisfactory.

Female↗

PubMed1995

The plasmacytoma growth inhibitor restrictin-P is an antagonist of interleukin 6 and interleukin 11. Identification as a stroma-derived activin A.

A stromal protein, designated restrictin-P, that specifically kills plasma-like cells was purified to homogeneity and shown to be identical with activin A. The specificity to plasma-like cells stemmed from the ability of restrictin-P/activin A to competitively antagonize the proliferation-inducing effects of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-11. Restrictin-P further interfered with the IL-6-induced secretion of acute phase proteins by HepG2 human hepatoma cells and with the IL-6-mediated differentiation of M1 myeloblasts. A competition binding assay indicated that restrictin-P did not interfere with the binding of IL-6 to its receptor on plasma-like cells, suggesting that it may act by intervening in the signal transduction pathway of the growth factor. Indeed, concomitant addition of restrictin-P and IL-6 to cytokine-deprived B9 hybridoma cells was followed by sustained overexpression of junB gene until cell death occurred, while IL-6 alone caused a transient increase only. This altered response to IL-6 stimulation was accompanied by a moderate increase in STAT protein activation. Thus, in this study, we identified the plasmacytoma growth inhibitor, restrictin-P, as being activin A of stromal origin. It is shown that activin A is an antagonist of IL-6-induced functions and that it modifies the IL-6 signaling pattern.

Activins↗

PubMed1995

MR angiography in pediatric neurological disorders.

MR angiography using 3D and 2D time-of-flight techniques were used to evaluate pediatric neurological disorders. MRA (arteriography) and MRV (venography) were abnormal in 63 and 45 cases, respectively. Conventional cerebral angiography was performed in 30 cases. These techniques were compared with MRI and conventional angiography. In addition, the value of MR angiography for surgical planning was subjectively evaluated. Our results showed that intracranial vessels were invariably better shown on MR angiography than on MRI. MRA and MRV were most useful in evaluating vascular distortions related to congenital brain malformations and intracranial tumors. MRA was valuable in detecting arterial narrowing but overestimated the degree of stenosis compared with conventional angiography. MRV was the technique of choice for evaluation of dural sinus and cerebral venous thrombosis and compression. MRA played little to no role in preoperative planning of vascular malformations and aneurysms. It did not appear to be accurate in assessing tumor vascularity or lesions in small arteries and arteritis.

Adolescent↗