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Biomedical subjects

B Butterworth

Publications and source records attributed to B Butterworth.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Disorders of sentence production.

Many process contribute to the speech production system. Brain damage can lead to a wide variety of disorders of the spontaneous production of sentences. Different symptoms of a sentence construction disorder, such as agrammatic and paragrammatic speech errors, are briefly described. An explicit model of the grammatical processes is proposed, and it is shown how the symptoms can be explained in terms of selective impairments to components of the model. The construction of subject-verb agreement in speech is treated in detail.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

From "one thousand nine hundred and forty-five" to 1000,945.

A patient, D.M., with spared number reading and number comprehension was found to show a transient selective syntactic impairment in writing numbers to dictation. For example, when he heard "One thousand nine hundred and forty-five", he wrote 1000,945. These errors are explained in terms of a dissociation between the concatenation and overwriting rules in the model proposed by Power and Dal Martello (Lang. Cognit. Processes 5, 237-254, 1990).

Agraphia↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of proliferating cell nuclear antigen to tritiated thymidine as a marker of proliferating hepatocytes in rats.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an endogenous nuclear protein, has recently been used to identify replicating cells. PCNA was compared to tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR), a reliable and accurate exogenous labeling agent, to ascertain if PCNA gives comparable results for quantitative cell proliferation. Male F344 rats were treated with a single dose of 500 mg/kg 4-acetylaminofluorene (4-AAF), a known liver mitogen. Rats (n = 5) were euthanized and necropsied at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 96, or 192 hr after treatment. Two hours before necropsy, rats were pulsed-dosed with [3H]-TdR (2 mCi/kg body weight). Livers were sectioned, autoradiography performed, and labeling indexes (LI), a measurement of the percentage of S-phase hepatocytes, determined. One and a half years after the completion of this study, the archival paraffin blocks of the liver tissue were sectioned and stained for PCNA by an immunohistochemical procedure. Immunocytochemical staining patterns of proliferating cell nuclear antigen antigen expression permitted the recognition of G1, S, G2, M, and quiescent cells. PCNA LI, generated by scoring only cells exhibiting S-phase staining patterns, was compared to the pulse [3H]-TdR LI for each animal. Similar periportal staining patterns of S-phase nuclei were detected by both markers. The [3H]-TdR LI and the PCNA LI exhibited a peak at 24 hr of approximately the same magnitude. However, while the [3H]-TdR LI had returned to near baseline at the 48-hr time point, the PCNA LI remained elevated until the 96-hr time point. This sustained elevation of the PCNA index cannot be explained at this time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed1992

Disorders of phonological encoding.

Studies of phonological disturbances in aphasic speech are reviewed. It is argued that failure to test for error consistency in individual patients makes it generally improper to draw inferences about specific disorders of phonological encoding. A minimalist interpretation of available data on phonological errors is therefore proposed that involves variable loss of information in transmission between processing subsystems. Proposals for systematic loss or corruption of phonological information in lexical representations or in translation subsystems is shown to be inadequately grounded. The review concludes with some simple methodological prescriptions for future research.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1991

The universality of two routines for reading: evidence from Chinese dyslexia.

A study of 11 Chinese neurological patients with reading disorders indicates that reading aloud a non-alphabetic script, like reading alphabetic scripts, can be accomplished using two distinct routines: one that associates a whole written word with its complete pronunciation, and one that utilizes parts of the written word. Each routine can be selectively impaired by brain damage, resulting in different patterns of reading disability. These data are consistent with the independent neural organization of each routine, and the generality of the two-routine model for reading alphabetic and non-alphabetic scripts.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A specific deficit for numbers in a case of dense acalculia.

In this study we investigated the acalculic condition of a patient, C.G., with the classical signs of Gerstmann's Syndrome: finger agnosia; right-left disorientation; a profound agraphia (but with an equally profound alexia) and a remarkably dense acalculia. Using a series of number processing and number knowledge tasks, a selective impairment for numbers was demonstrated. Within the category of numbers C.G. showed a largely preserved ability to deal with numbers below 4, in all tasks and in all modalities, while she was totally unable to deal with numbers above 4. The consistency of responses and the ineffectiveness of cueing indicated that numbers above 4 were lost, rather than hard to access. Further testing showed that this impairment did not result from a more general semantic memory problem, a difficulty in understanding quantities or a deficit in reasoning abilities thought to underlie the concept of numbers. Difficulty with some other ordinal structures was also present, but appeared unrelated to those affecting numbers.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Word formation: new evidence from aphasia.

Three aphasic patients are described whose speech contains invented word-forms which are legal combinations of meaningful parts of real words, like "fratellismo" (brother + ness) instead of "fratellanza" (brother + hood), and from combinations of meaningless and meaningful parts, like "terness + ico" (where "ico" is a real adjectival ending). These phenomena are previously unreported. On the assumption that brain-damaged patients use residual rather than novel abilities, these forms, along with the patients' predominant use of real compound words, indicate that speakers have a procedure for composing polymorphemic words online, but this is employed just when trying to find a whole word fails.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Gesture, speech, and computational stages: a reply to McNeill.

McNeill (1985) claimed that speech and its accompanying gestures "share a common computational stage" that is located early in the speech production process. This position depends on two crucial arguments that we believe are unsound: first, that gestures "are synchronized with linguistic units in speech" and, second, that gestures "have semantic and pragmatic functions that parallel those of speech." Careful analysis of the relevant data indicated that although the processes underlying gestural production are globally autonomous, they are linked to speech production at more than just one computational stage. An account is offered that explicates these links.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1987

Paragrammatisms.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The semantic deficit in aphasia: the relationship between semantic errors in auditory comprehension and picture naming.

Thirty aphasic subjects were asked to point to pictures on auditory command both when the distractors came from the same semantic category as the target and when the distractors were unrelated to the target picture. The aphasics made significantly more semantic errors than non-aphasic brain-damaged controls; the incidence of semantic comprehension errors was unrelated to aphasic diagnostic groups but was related to the overall severity of aphasia. The subjects were subsequently asked to name the pictures from the comprehension task; pictures that had elicited semantic errors in comprehension were no less likely to be named than those that had not, but the incidence of semantic errors in comprehension correlated significantly with their incidence in naming. The implications of a semantic deficit common to both auditory comprehension and naming that is not specific to particular lexical items is discussed in relation to a number of information processing models of the lexicon.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monoclonal antibody to human cytotrophoblast cross-reacts with basal layers of some fetal epithelial surfaces.

A monoclonal antibody (I8B/A5) was generated towards human first-trimester purified trophoblast plasma membrane which, unlike others reported in the literature, reacted only against cytotrophoblast but not against syncytiotrophoblast. However, this antibody cross-reacted with certain fetal epithelial and endothelial surfaces in a well-defined manner. On such stratified epithelium as fetal skin, only the basal layers of cells were stained, and this was therefore analogous to the pattern observed in chorionic villi where only underlying cytotrophoblast and not superficial syncytiotrophoblast reacted with I8B/A5. These observations suggest that the target antigen either could be a component of certain structures at these sites, such as basement membrane, or it is a marker for proliferating and undifferentiated cells, which would make it an interesting molecule for developmental biologists.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Number-Stroop performance in normal aging and Alzheimer's-type dementia.

The number-Stroop paradigm was used to investigate changes in the inhibitory system and in numerical processing in healthy elderly and individuals with dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT). The size-congruity effect (i.e., relative to neutral trials, incongruent pairs interfere and/or congruent pairs facilitate either numerical or physical comparison) was found in all groups, though the pattern of interference and facilitation varied across them. Overall, the selective attention breakdown was reflected by the increase in interference shown by the older group and the DAT group. On the other hand, the observation of a standard laterality effect andof automatic numerical processing in all groups suggests that access and retrieval of numerical information is relatively resistant to cognitive deterioration.

Adolescent↗