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Biomedical subjects

B Berglund

Publications and source records attributed to B Berglund.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Beds used at a university hospital--a study of functions, problems and requirements.

The comfort and functional features of hospital beds are of fundamental importance to both the patients and staff on the ward. This study investigates the types and functions of the beds used at a large university hospital in Sweden, how the head nurses experienced and valued the hospital beds in their wards, and whether the nurses were familiar with standards, regulations and purchasing routines. An inventory of all the beds for adult patients was carried out in all 55 somatic wards. Interviews were conducted with 49 head nurses, and, for comparison purposes, with one purchaser as well as one expert nurse at the Gothenburg Medical Service Administration. The inventory reveals that the different wards have very similar kinds of beds regardless of specialty or caring needs. The head nurses stated that the beds were seldom ideal and that they themselves have little influence when new purchases are made. It is concluded that the head nurses have a considerable knowledge of the functions of hospital beds, which ought to be put forward in stronger terms and which should also be taken into account when new beds are purchased and designed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Factors associated with participation in screening for colorectal cancer with faecal occult blood testing.

BACKGROUND: Factors associated with attending screening for colorectal cancer with faecal occult blood testing was studied. METHODS: Sixty-eight per cent of 34,144 subjects participated in the primary screening and/or rescreening in a randomized screening study. The mortality and causes of death in the two groups were studied. A sample of the subjects received a questionnaire, in which they were asked about their reaction to the invitation. A statistical sample was called for a telephone interview. RESULTS: The mortality among the non-attenders was higher than among the attenders (p < 0.001), which might reflect a higher morbidity among the non-attenders. The mortality was equal in the test and control groups. There was no difference among the attenders and non-attenders who had a full or 50% pension. Among immigrants the attitude to screening was less positive among those born in 1918 but was the same as that of the whole group among those born in 1929. Significantly fewer persons among the non-attenders than among the attenders could be reached for a telephone interview (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a possibility that the compliance can be increased. The non-attenders' attitude to screening was more negative than that of the attenders.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Detection in blood and urine of recombinant erythropoietin administered to healthy men.

A method for the detection of administered recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) in the blood and urine of healthy individuals was evaluated. The method is based upon the observation that the electric charge of the rhEpo molecule is less negative than that of endogenous Epo. Fifteen healthy males were treated with subcutaneous injections of 20 IU rhEpo per kg body weight three times a week for 7-9 wk. The charge of Epo in blood and concentrates of urine was determined by electrophoresis in 0.10% agarose suspension expressed as electrophoretic mobility. rhEpo was detected in serum at 24 h after injection in all 15 individuals, at 48 h in 18 of 20 samples from 11 individuals, and at 72 h in 7 of 9 individuals. In urine the rhEpo was detected in all 22 samples taken from 11 individuals up to 24 h after injection and in 9 of 12 samples from 3 individuals at 48 h after injection. rhEpo was not detected in serum or urine at 1-3 wk after the last injection. The charge of both rhEpo and endogenous Epo in urine was more negative (P < 0.001; P < 0.01) than in the paired serum samples. It is suggested that the principle of this method should be further evaluated for use in doping control.

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel↗
PubMed1994

Raised pressure in the bile ducts after orthotopic liver transplantation.

Biliary complications are common after orthotopic liver transplantation. Bile leakage in the immediate postoperative period and on removal of the T-tube could possibly be caused by a raised bile duct pressure. In order to test this hypothesis, bile duct pressure was studied in seven consecutive liver transplant patients. During the operation, the common bile duct was anastomosed end-to-end over a T-tube. The initial bile duct pressure measurement was performed a median of 12 days (range 10-17 days) after the transplantation and on one or two more occasions during the following 3 months. Seven cholecystectomized gallstone patients with indwelling T-tubes were used as controls. The bile duct pressure at the level of the xiphoid process in the transplanted group was 7.7 +/- 1.4 cm H2O and in the control group 0.5 +/- 0.8 cm H2O (P < 0.001). The initially increased bile duct pressure after liver transplantation decreased with time (P < 0.05) towards normal during the following 3 months. The raised pressure may increase the risk of bile leakage in the postoperative period.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a Swedish version of the Ostomy Adjustment Scale.

The main aim of the present study was to adapt an instrument measuring patients' adjustment to life with an ostomy to Swedish conditions and to test reliability and validity of the adapted instrument. The Ostomy Adjustment Scale (OAS), which is focused on three domains: physical function, psychologic state, and social interaction, was selected as suitable. After translation into Swedish, equivalence and internal consistency of the scale were calculated. Subjects with various types of urine or faeces diversions were recruited for self-rating with the OAS and a visual analogue scale estimating total quality of life (QOL). The instruments were tested in 48 patients with five different diagnoses, 36 with and 12 without ostomy, and re-tests were carried out in 25 of the patients. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.95. A positive correlation was found between the OAS and QOL (r = 0.67), indicating that the instrument has some validity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Annoyance perception of sound and information extraction.

The judgment of annoyance of distorted speech differs radically for different language groups. The results show that those who do comprehend a spoken language, base their annoyance-judgments on the informational content extracted while those who do not base it on the perceptual characteristics of meaningless sound (particularly loudness). A series of distorted German speech sounds were presented to two subject groups consisting of native Swedish and English speakers, and the results were compared with earlier results from groups of native German and Polish subjects. The 50 stimuli were generated from the very same speech signal distorted in two principle ways, either with repeated silent gaps or superimposed noise impulses. The perceived annoyance of the distorted speech was judged both by category scaling for all subject groups, and as a control for "ceiling" effects, also by magnitude estimation for the Swedish and the English subjects. There is a pronounced tendency for German subjects to judge the German speech distorted with silent gaps as more annoying than that distorted with superimposed noise impulses. In contrast, the Swedish, English, and Polish subjects judged the two German-speech distortions in reversed order with regard to annoyance. Thus for noncomprehending listeners, noise-distorted speech is more annoying but for comprehending listeners it is speech distorted by gaps. This means that impaired communication intrusiveness rather than loudness predominates in annoyance judgments from comprehending listeners.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Neuropeptide Y release from human heart is enhanced during prolonged exercise in hypoxia.

To evaluate the effect of hypoxemia on cardiac release of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) and norepinephrine (NE), arterial and coronary sinus blood was sampled and coronary sinus blood flow was measured by thermodilution in nine healthy volunteers at rest and during supine cycle ergometer exercise while they breathed air and 12% O2, which reduced arterial O2 saturation to approximately 68%. Five subjects started to exercise for 30 min breathing air and continued for 30 min breathing 12% O2; four subjects breathed 12% O2 and air in the reverse order. The load was adjusted to give the same heart rate during O2 and air breathing. No significant cardiac net release of NPY-LI or NE was seen at rest. Exercise induced release of NPY-LI and NE. The net release of NPY-LI was 0.7 +/- 0.4 pmol/min during air breathing (average 12 and 30 min) and 2.8 +/- 0.6 pmol/min during 12% O2 breathing. The difference was not influenced by the order of the breathing periods. The NE coronary sinus-arterial difference was not significantly different between 12% O2 and air breathing, whereas the net release was significantly larger during 12% O2 breathing (0.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.1 nmol/min). Thus, NPY is released with NE from the heart during exercise. Arterial hypoxemia seems to be an additional stimulus of preferential NPY release.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Psychological monitoring and modulation of training load of world-class canoeists.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of the present investigation was to monitor psychological changes using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test on 14 (9 men and 5 women) world-class canoeists. A Swedish version of the POMS questionnaire and a rating questionnaire on the training load (RTL) were administered weekly from May until the beginning of August 1992. RESULTS: The total mood score of the POMS was initially 130 +/- 15.7 (mean +/- SD) and improved (P < 0.05) to 122 +/- 23.1 (mean +/- SD) a month later. During the following heavy training, the total mood score of the POMS increased significantly (P < 0.01) to 160 +/- 27.2 (mean +/- SD). In the tapering period, there was a significant improvement in mood state (P < 0.01) down to a total mood score of the POMS of 120 +/- 22.1 (mean +/- SD) 1 wk before the Olympics. The RTL (mean +/- SD) on the same occasions was 9.4 +/- 1.9, 9.3 +/- 2.9, 11.6 +/- 1.5, and 7.3 +/- 2.1, respectively. Elevated POMS total mood disturbance scores (elevation > 50%) were used as a criterion for determining whether the athletes were training excessively (or developing staleness). This criterion was fulfilled in 12% of all POMS assessments in nine of the subjects. It is concluded that the monitoring of psychological mood disturbances is useful in reducing the risk of staleness in canoeists undergoing hard training. Titration of the training stimulus on the basis of POMS scores resulted in none of the canoeists developing signs of staleness in connection with the Olympics.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Diet and exercise are equally effective in reducing risk for cardiovascular disease. Results of a randomized controlled study in men with slightly to moderately raised cardiovascular risk factors.

To study the impact of diet and exercise and the combination thereof on cardiovascular risk factors, 157 healthy men aged 35-60 years (mean +/- S.D.; 46.2 +/- 5.0) with slightly to moderately raised cardiovascular risk factors, were randomized to 4 groups, diet (D, n = 40), exercise (E, n = 39), diet plus exercise (DE, n = 39), and no active intervention (controls (C, n = 39)), and investigated at baseline and after 6 months. BMI was significantly reduced in Groups E and DE (mean difference and 95% confidence intervals (CI), -0.3 (-0.5, -0.01) and -0.6 (-0.9, -0.3) kg/m2, respectively). Waist circumference was reduced in all 3 intervention groups (D, E, and DE), -1.3 (-2.5, -0.1), -2.2 (-3.2, -1.3) and -3.0 (-3.9, -2.0) cm, but not in the control group. Blood pressure (BP) was reduced in all 3 intervention groups, systolic BP 4-7 mmHg and diastolic BP 2-6 mmHg. Serum cholesterol was reduced in Group DE, -0.45 (-0.77, -0.13) mmol/l. VLDL-cholesterol was reduced in Groups E and DE, -0.14 (-0.26, -0.03) and -0.09 (-0.18, -0.01) mmol/l, whereas LDL-cholesterol was reduced in Groups D and DE -0.30 (-0.54, -0.06) and -0.35 (-0.64, -0.05) mmol/l. In contrast, neither HDL-cholesterol nor serum triglycerides were influenced by the interventions. According to the coronary risk profile derived from the Framingham study, all 3 intervention groups (D, E, and DE) significantly reduced their estimated 10-year risk (-13, -12, and -14%, respectively). We conclude that even with rather moderate changes in diet and exercise, several important cardiovascular risk factors can be affected and that diet and exercise were about equally effective in reducing cardiovascular risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Odor-intensity interaction in binary mixtures.

Four principles underlying odor summation in mixtures were examined on the bases of 10 Ss' magnitude estimates of 41 mixtures and their components (pyridine and DMDS). Thus, the overall intensity summation for mixtures are compared to self-addition reflected by the power function for single substances: Hypoaddition is a characteristic of both. Compromise is found for 25% of the mixtures, but it is not inherent in the power function. No level dependency is found for mixtures, although it is in accordance with the power function. Asymmetrical summation exists for mixtures and is inconsistent with the power function. Therefore, the idea of a congruence in odor-intensity summation processes is rejected. The results also constitute a successful cross-validation of the angle alpha (99 degrees vs. 102 degrees) of the perceptual vector model reported by B. Berglund et al. (1973).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of self-adaptation and cross-adaptation to odorants presented singly and in mixtures.

Fifteen subjects made 450 judgments each by the method of magnitude estimation of dimethyl disulfide and hydrogen sulfide after prior exposure to various mixtures of them. Exposure to the same odorant clearly affected the perceived intensity of it (self-adaptation). By contrast, exposure to the other odorant showed at best a small effect (cross-adaptation). Consistent with this, adaptation to a mixture of the test odorant and another odorant is proportional to the amount of the test odorant in the mixture, and does not exceed that of self-adaptation. These results indicate that olfactory adaptation is specific and that the sense of smell is more robust than generally assumed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effect of ampicillin versus cefuroxime on the emergence of beta-lactam resistance in faecal Enterobacter cloacae isolates from neonates.

Enterobacter cloacae strains dominated the aerobic faecal flora of 8.3% of 953 infants discharged from 32 Swedish neonatal intensive care units and the susceptibility of these strains to seven beta-lactam antibiotics was determined. Isolates from infants treated with cefuroxime showed slightly increased MICs only to ampicillin, cephalexin and cephalothin as compared to isolates from untreated infants matched for ward and time of sampling (P = 0.02). In contrast, E. cloacae isolates from ampicillin treated infants showed markedly elevated MICs of all agents tested including piperacillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime and ceftazidime as compared to those from control neonates (P values between 0.001 for ampicillin and 0.017 for cefotaxime). Thus, E. cloacae with cefotaxime MICs as high as 512 mg/L were isolated only after ampicillin therapy. The resistant strains were negative in a colony DNA hybridization assay using gene probes for the plasmid beta-lactamases TEM-1, OXA-1 and SHV-1. The resistant strains also showed only one beta-lactamase band when crude cell sonicates were analysed by isoelectric focusing, and were not found in other infants in the same ward. The results indicate that the selection of chromosomal E. cloacae mutants, presumably with stably derepressed beta-lactamase production, in the faecal flora of neonates is rare during treatment with cefuroxime and more common during ampicillin therapy.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1993

Myocardial oxygen supply and lactate metabolism during marked arterial hypoxaemia.

Myocardial O2 delivery and changes in myocardial lactate metabolism during marked hypoxaemia (PaO2 5-5.4 kPa, Sa O2 70-75%) produced by 12% O2 breathing were studied in 12 healthy subjects at rest and during supine exercise up to maximal intensity. Blood for O2 and lactate analyses was sampled from catheters in an artery (a) and the coronary sinus (cs) and coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF) was measured by thermodilution. Lactate metabolism was evaluated in a subgroup of the subjects using i.v. infusion of [14C]lactate. At rest and during submaximal exercise up to heart rate 156 beats min-1 myocardial O2 uptake (MQO2) was maintained at the same level during hypoxaemia as during normoxaemia. This was achieved at rest mainly by a more complete O2 extraction, during exercise entirely by greater CSBF. During maximal exercise CSBF was 35% greater during hypoxaemia than normoxaemia, while there was no difference in cs O2 saturation. Maximal MQO2 was smaller during hypoxaemia than normoxaemia in spite of no difference in rate pressure product. The a-cs difference of lactate was reduced during hypoxaemia and there was a significant myocardial release of lactate, as calculated from [14C]lactate data, during hypoxaemic exercise, but not during hypoxaemic rest or normoxaemic rest and exercise. It is concluded that the heart has a coronary flow reserve of about 35%, which can be utilised under hypoxaemia. When this reserve is insufficient to supply the myocardium with oxygen lactate is produced to cover part of the myocardial ATP regeneration.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1993

Myocardial lactate release during prolonged exercise under hypoxaemia.

The possible appearance of myocardial lactate production during exercise under hypoxaemia, simulating an altitude of about 4500 metres above sea-level (masl) was investigated. Twelve healthy men were studied, after coronary sinus catheterization, during prolonged exercise breathing 12% O2 compared with men breathing air. Coronary sinus blood flow was measured by thermodilution. Exercise duration under each breathing condition was 30 min and the order normoxaemia/hypoxaemia was varied between subjects so as to compensate for any influence of a preceding exercise period on a subsequent one. Work load was adjusted so as to produce a heart rate (HR) of 130-140 beats min-1 during both hypoxaemia and normoxaemia. [14C]lactate was infused at a constant rate i.v. throughout the study to detect a possible myocardial lactate release simultaneously with a net uptake. Myocardial O2 uptake did not differ significantly between hypoxaemia and normoxaemia. The compensation for reduced blood oxygen content was achieved entirely by a greater coronary blood flow. Yet, the arterial-coronary sinus (a-cs) lactate difference was lower during hypoxaemia than normoxaemia and isotope data indicated that this was caused by a myocardial lactate release of approximately 90 mumol min-1 which was at hand during hypoxaemia but not normoxaemia, whether hypoxaemic exercise preceded or succeeded normoxaemic exercise. In conclusion, A 27% reduction in arterial oxygen saturation is almost compensated for by an increased coronary blood flow. However, during hypoxaemic exercise cardiac energy demand is to a smaller part, about 1%, covered by anaerobic metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Prevention of cardiovascular disease within the primary health care system--feasibility of a prevention programme within the Sollentuna primary health care catchment area.

OBJECTIVE: To integrate prevention of cardiovascular disease within the primary health care. DESIGN: A prevention programme which combines population and individual high-risk strategy. SETTING: The Primary Health Care in Sollentuna, Stockholm, Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Characteristics of, and risk factor prevalence among, persons registered in the prevention programme. RESULTS: During the first year more than 2000 persons, representing every tenth visitor and 6% of the population aged 15-60 years, were registered in the prevention programme. 90% were < or = 60 years and 62% were women. A large proportion (70%) had risk factors that required advice, treatment, and follow up. 24% of the men and 27% of the women were smokers, 68% and 62% respectively, had serum cholesterol > or = 5.2 mmol/l, and 33% and 22% had a diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mmHg. CONCLUSION: The present study implies that it is possible to integrate a large scale prevention programme in the existing primary health care organization. The prevalence of risk factors in those who enter the prevention programme is high, which places great demands for treatment and follow up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Odor-intensity interaction in binary and ternary mixtures.

Eight subjects scaled the overall perceived odor intensity of binary and ternary mixtures of the odorous substances pyridine, acetone, and ethyl acrylate. The results concerning basic principles of additivity for binary mixtures comply with those of earlier studies. For the ternary mixtures, the degree of arithmetic additivity in odor intensity seemed lower when a third component was added to a binary mixture than when the second component was added to a single odor, but this did not reach statistical significance. In general, the degree of arithmetic additivity inherent in the power function for single substances was found to be of the same size as the degree of additivity for binary as well as ternary mixtures. However, for binary mixtures, the additivity of the mixtures was found to approximate that of the substance with the lower exponent. In addition, the degree of additivity of the binary mixture was monotonically related to the average arithmetic additivity of the power functions for the two components.

Acetone↗
PubMed1993

Coronary hemodynamics during isometric handgrip and atrial pacing in patients with angina pectoris compared to healthy men.

The responses in coronary blood flow and the relative myocardial extraction of oxygen to atrial pacing (causing mainly an increase in heart rate) and isometric handgrip (causing mainly an increase in pressure) were studied in patients with angina and in young and middle-aged healthy men. The myocardial extraction of oxygen and coronary sinus flow were measured by catheterizing the coronary sinus, using a catheter with thermistors for the measurement of flow by thermodilution and electrodes for atrial pacing. In the healthy men the increase in the consumption of oxygen was covered entirely by an increased coronary blood flow during both provocations, with no change in the arteriovenous oxygen difference during handgrip and a decrease during pacing. There was no significant difference in the reaction between younger and older men. In the patients with angina the increased consumption of oxygen during pacing was covered by an increased coronary blood flow with an unaltered arteriovenous oxygen difference, while during handgrip both the coronary blood flow and arteriovenous oxygen difference increased. It is concluded that during handgrip, compared to the artificial increase in heart rate, the myocardium is more dependent upon an increased relative extraction of oxygen to cover an increase in the requirement for oxygen. This may be due to a higher intramyocardial pressure. Patients with coronary heart disease are more dependent than healthy men on an increase in the relative myocardial extraction of oxygen. This may be related to a lower effective perfusion pressure because of the coronary arterial obstructions or to an increased intramyocardial pressure and a relatively shorter duration of diastole because of the impaired cardiac function.

Adult↗