Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to B A Katsnel'son.
The authors summarize theoretical principles of increasing human resistence to toxic effects of inorganic compounds polluting occupational environment and habitat, exemplify practical use of this prophylactic trend.
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The paper provides evidence that there is a relationship of daily death rates to variations in the concentrations of total dust and some gaseous ambient pollutants. The great advantage of a procedure to analyze temporary variables is that it makes it possible to retrospectively use the available materials of routine monitoring of air pollution and to consider these effects (cases of death in particular). Along with the high informative value of environmental and epidemiological surveys (EES) based on the analysis of time series, this advantage allows one to recommend them for widely use within the sociohygienic monitoring system. At the same time the paper shows it necessary to control the quality of available data and to chose monitoring centers comparable in this regard. Inevitable missing data on the concentrations of different pollutants on days off and on some working days are of particular value under the actual conditions of monitoring of air pollution. The approach applied in this study to the choice of the most effective ways of filling of such gaps may be recommended. Nevertheless, incomplete data and the need for their artificial reproduction should be regarded as a source of uncertainty of specific results of EES of this type. Increments in mortality rates for a certain increase in the concentrations of pollutants may be used in the risk assessment projects when a dose-response relationship is analyzed. The larger number of EES based on the analysis of time series will be conducted in the regions of Russia, the more reliable the use of EES-grounded single risks will be at the regional and federal level.
Dioxins and dioxin-like substances are highly toxic and extremely dangerous chemical compounds. Dioxins are formed during the thermal process associated with the use of chlorine. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin is the most toxic, the most typical and well-studied agent. The most characteristic and constant indicators of intoxication with dioxin-containing substances are altered body weight, chloracne, hepatic damage, thyroid involution, structural changes in the adrenal cortex, spleen, genitals, immunodeficiency. There is evidence for a role of these agents in the development of infertility and neonatal pathology.
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The authors represent review of literature on fibrogenic effects of welding aerosols and results of own clinical and epidemiologic studies concerning pneumoconiosis course in electric welders compared to other occupational groups. In conclusion, the authors necessitate more strict control over total concentration of welding aerosol solid component (WASC) in air of workplace and determination of MAC for WASC.
Elevation of average daily concentrations of suspended particles in air, even being within the MAC, could be associated with higher mortality in general population and deteriorated respiratory symptoms in children, especially in those having chronic respiratory diseases with bronchial obstruction. Discussion on reduction of MAC for suspended particles is expendient with wider practice of fraction measurement their concentrations.
The authors represent a scheme of conceptual model for methodology to evaluate health risk caused by environmental pollution. The model is based on analysis of literature and the authors' experience.
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The studies conducted in Krasnouralsk (Sverdlovsk region) proved that environmental pollution with lead in the area subjected to releases by copper-melting enterprise creates significant risk of lead accumulation in preschoolers especially prone to unfavorable factors. Considering various environmental lead sources, biokinetic analog formation reliably forecasts serum lead levels. Soil polluted with lead, as the analog considers, is the most important environmental lead source. The authors suggest a system of prophylactic measures based on analysis of children's health risk caused by environmental pollution with lead.
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Experiments on white rats proved that the silicotic pulmonary changes slowed with the tails periodically immersed into iodine solution. Those pulmonary changes were due to inhalation of quartzite dust and especially due to intratracheal administration of standardized quartz dust DQ12. Influenced by inhalation of dust containing quartz, the rats demonstrated characteristic alterations in cytologic features of bronchial and alveolar lavage water. The "iodine baths" also declined those alterations, that may prove higher resistance of pulmonary macrophages to cytotoxic effects of quartz. This hypothesis finds a support in experiments with culture of rat peritoneal macrophages. If incubated in a medium with low iodine concentrations and subsequently washed off, the macrophages demonstrate lower incidence of cytotoxic effects due to the next incubation with particles of DQ12. The macrophage's higher resistance against cytotoxic agents is believed to result directly in antisilicotic effect of iodine, so "iodine baths" could be recommended for pathogenetic therapy and medical prophylaxis of silicosis.
The authors proved that animals having higher natural antioxidant activity and lower intensity of lipid peroxidation are more resistant to fibrogenic effects of quartz. The peritoneal macrophages obtained from those animals show higher resistance to quartz exposure "in vitro". Parameters characterizing antioxidant system should be included into a group of indexes describing propensity to silicosis.
Fifty-eight lung cancer and 71 gastric cancer patients were matched with corresponding healthy controls versus such risk factors as age, sex, nationality, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and occupation. HLA-antigens and dermatoglyphic patterns were used as genetic markers. Multivariate analysis employed mathematical procedures of pattern recognition. The results using HLA-antigen technique were not satisfactory. On the contrary, lung cancer studies based on 16 most informative dermatoglyphic parameters yielded reliable decision rules which proved 100% effective in control group and 83.3% effective in cancer patients. In gastric cancer studies, the best results (87.5% of correctly recognized patterns in both groups) were obtained, when 20 parameters were used. Correlations between pattern types and cancer of the lung and stomach have been identified. It is suggested that complete dermatoglyphic picture may be used as a marker of genetic predisposition to oncological disease.
Multichamber toxicokinetic model studies of the resorption, distribution and excretion properties of poorly soluble substances in subchronic action of suspensions administered intragastrically can be the first step in prognosing the toxicokinetic properties of the inhaled aerosols of the substances mostly discharged from the respiratory into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The generally accepted quantitative characteristics of the particles' deposition and translocation into GIT can provide a further application of the model for a mathematical description of a prolonged inhalational exposure to some substances. This technique was tested with the boron compounds characterized by low solubility and revealed a good correlation between the prognosed and actual deposits of the substance in the organ and excretions. At the same time, detected were some qualitative and quantitative differences in the boron toxicokinetics influenced by magnesium deboride and hexaborate, which were explained by differences in their solubility.
Acute toxicity, functional cumulative and local effects of the four ++poly-metallic oxides YBa2Cu3O7, Bi4Sr3O16, Tl2Ca2Cu3O10, Lao,7Sro,3CoO3, were studied in laboratory animals. Parallel experiments on assessment toxicity of the regular oxides of the studied metals in mice were carried out. The major dissolution of metals was shown to occur in acid medium. Thallium-barium-calcium cuprite turned out to be the most toxic and cumulative; it induced the most severe morphologic changes in the liver and kidneys. The least severe disorders caused by this substance were in the rat gastric mucosa and in rabbit eye after a conjunctival injection. Yttrium-barium cuprite induced the most severe changes at the site of injection, lanthanum-strontium cobaltite ranks second here. All copper-containing polymetallic oxides show resorptive toxicity when applied to the skin. Different types of combined toxicity are possible, that is why MACs for the regular oxides can not be used for setting the normal concentrations of ++poly-metallic oxides in air. Estimated toxicometric parameters helped to score the concentrations, which may serve as tentative safe levels of the studies substances.
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