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Biomedical subjects

B A Cohen

Publications and source records attributed to B A Cohen.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Chromosome mosaicism in hypomelanosis of Ito.

Our finding of chromosome mosaicism with a ring 22 in a retarded black boy with hypomelanosis of Ito prompted a review of this "syndrome." Most patients have a variety of non-dermal defects, particularly those affecting CNS function. Among karyotyped patients, most are chromosome mosaics of one sort or another. Hypomelanosis of Ito turns out to be a causable non-specific phenotype, i.e., a clinical marker for chromosome mosaicism of all different types in individuals with a dark enough skin to show lighter patches. Consequently, cytogenetic evaluation is indicated in all patients with this skin finding.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1990

Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1-infected homosexual men: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)

We administered a battery of standardized neuropsychological measures to assess cognitive functions in a group of 769 HIV-1 seronegative, 727 asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive (CDC Groups 2 and 3), and 84 symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive (CDC Group 4) homosexual/bisexual men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Measures included tests of attention, memory, and psychomotor speed. Comparison of group means revealed significant differences in performance between HIV-1 seronegative and symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive subjects on measures of memory and on measures with strong motor and psychomotor timed components. These findings support the sensitivity of these neuropsychological instruments for detecting cognitive changes that may be related to HIV-1, and are consistent with other reports of neuropsychological abnormalities in symptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals. Asymptomatic seropositive men, on the other hand, did not differ significantly from seronegative subjects on any of the neuropsychological measures. Only 5.5% of the asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive men showed abnormal performance on individual tests. This proportion did not differ significantly from that of seronegative controls. Further, among asymptomatic seropositive subjects, we found no statistically significant differences as a function of duration of HIV infection or level of immune system functioning. Thus, results from this study support the hypothesis that the frequency of neuropsychological abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected homosexual men is low, and not statistically different from that of seronegative controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Incidental white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging in HIV-1 infection. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

Magnetic resonance (MR) scans were performed as part of a prospective neuropsychological study within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Fifty HIV-1-seronegative men, 85 HIV-1-seropositive men without constitutional symptoms, and 14 with symptomatic HIV disease underwent MR imaging using a uniform protocol. Scans were rated by neuroradiologists blinded to all clinical details except age. The majority of MR scans were normal in all of the clinical groups and no covert mass lesions or diffuse white matter abnormalities were identified. Focal hyperintensities in the white matter were observed in 24% of the HIV-1 seronegatives, 26% of HIV-1 asymptomatic seropositives (CDC II/III), and 17% of those with ARC/AIDS. No significant associations were noted between the white matter hyperintensities and HIV-1 serostatus, neurological abnormalities, CD4 count, alcohol or drug use, hypertension, or smoking. In one individual classified with early HIV-1 dementia, MR demonstrated several hyperintensities in the deep parietal white matter, but at autopsy no microscopic abnormalities corresponding to the MR findings were identified. Our studies imply that focal white matter hyperintensities identified on MR are not specific for HIV-1 infection and are probably incidental and of no clinical significance.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1989

Low prevalence of neurological and neuropsychological abnormalities in otherwise healthy HIV-1-infected individuals: results from the multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

Accurate description of the prevalence of neurological impairment in healthy individuals who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has relevance for public health policy, for employment issues, and for planning future health needs. Within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, we determined the cross-sectional prevalence of neurological abnormalities in 270 HIV-1 seropositive homosexual and bisexual men in Centers for Disease Control Groups II and III, using a control group of 193 HIV-1 seronegative homosexual men. Utilizing a neurological and neuropsychological screening battery, we found no differences in the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms or in neuropsychological performance. One hundred nineteen subjects with abnormalities on screening tests completed additional neuropsychological testing and had neurological examinations. The majority had normal results and the frequency of neurological abnormalities and impaired neuropsychological performance was not significantly increased among HIV-1 seropositive subjects. Most of the abnormalities could be attributed to causes other than HIV-1. One subject had mild HIV-1-related dementia, yielding a prevalence of 3.7:1,000 (95% confidence interval: 0.19-23.7:1,000). Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated sulcal prominence and focal areas of high signal intensity in white matter in 63% of HIV-1 seropositive subjects and 48% of uninfected control subjects. Abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid were noted in 23 (85%) of 27 HIV-1-infected individuals. Our studies indicate that the prevalence of dementia and other HIV-1-related neurological disorders is very low among healthy HIV-1 seropositive homosexual men. The confounding effects of factors such as substance abuse or preexisting medical conditions must be considered in the neurological evaluation of such patients.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1989

Reorganization/diversification: six years later.

Hospital efforts in diversification strategies have met with mixed reviews. After a slow beginning and some difficult learning experiences, this hospital organization found a successful approach.

Hospital Administration↗
PubMed1989

Xanthogranuloma: report on clinical and histologic findings in 64 patients.

Although xanthogranulomas are frequently encountered by pediatricians and dermatologists, data on the course of this tumor are restricted to several series with limited follow-up. We report on our experience with 64 patients whom we were able to identify from the surgical files. Our data support the currently held view that xanthogranulomas are generally benign, self-limited lesions. They may persist or continue to erupt for years, however, particularly in individuals who develop the first lesion after age 20 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Assessing computer anxiety.

A study was conducted to develop a scale for assessing computer anxiety. The scale was administered to 152 psychology students. The responses were then subjected to both item and principal components analysis. Computer anxiety was significantly and negatively correlated -.48 with the total amount of experience individuals had had with computers. Graduate and undergraduate students did not differ significantly in anxiety. When controlling for amount of experience with computers, clinical psychology students reported more anxiety than industrial-organizational psychology students, but men and women did not differ significantly in anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in homosexual men with and without neuropsychiatric findings.

We have studied cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 38 homosexual or bisexual men participating in a prospective study of the neuropsychological disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Twenty-two subjects had neuropsychiatric findings and seropositivity, 11 asymptomatic subjects had seroconverted within 6 to 24 months, and 5 subjects were seronegative controls. Only 1 had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex, and none had the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome when initially studied. There was a high rate of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in men with neuropsychiatric findings, including pleocytosis (41%), elevated IgG and IgG index (47%), and oligoclonal bands (18%). Even in the absence of neuropsychiatric findings, the asymptomatic HIV-seropositive subjects frequently had spinal fluid abnormalities. Of those with neuropsychiatric findings, HIV p24 antigen was detectable in cerebrospinal fluid in only 1 individual, yet HIV was isolated in 11 of 16 (69%) compared to 2 of 7 (29%) of those without neuropsychiatric findings. The identification of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in individuals known to have become infected within 6 to 24 months supports the hypothesis that the nervous system is an early target for HIV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Dermatomal monitoring for surgical correction of spondylolisthesis. A case report.

The operative treatment for high-grade spondylolisthesis carries with it an inherently high morbidity due primarily to the probability of significant stretch or other injury to nerve roots. Routine somatosensory monitoring of evoked potentials does not give the same specificity to nerve roots as may be desirable to accurately detect changes during surgical correction. We report our experience with the use of dermatomal monitoring to track changes in conduction characteristics of specific nerves and root entry levels.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Wound healing of skin incisions produced by ultrasonically vibrating knife, scalpel, electrosurgery, and carbon dioxide laser.

An ultrasonically vibrating knife has been developed for producing surgical incisions with reduced hemorrhage. Tissue injury and wound healing of porcine cutaneous incisions produced by this instrument, conventional scalpel, electrosurgery, and CO2 laser were compared regarding clinical, histopathologic, and tensile strength differences. Scalpel incisions had the least tissue injury and fastest healing, but the ultrasonically vibrating knife produced less tissue injury and faster healing than electrosurgery or CO2 laser.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Crohn's disease of the vulva in an 8-year-old girl.

An 8-year-old girl had Crohn's disease of the vulva 16 months before the onset of intestinal symptoms. At the time of diagnosis she had no evidence of systemic disease. Cutaneous and intestinal lesions responded rapidly to corticosteroids and metronidazole. Crohn's disease must be considered in the differential diagnosis of nontender, red, edematous plaques of the genital area.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1988

Pyoderma gangrenosum as a manifestation of leukemia in childhood.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an uncommon skin lesion often associated with autoimmune diseases. A clear association between leukemia and pyoderma gangrenosum in adults has been established. Two cases of pyoderma gangrenosum in children with leukemia in whom it may be an initial finding are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Pancreatitis coincident with Crohn's ileocolitis. Report of a case and review of the literature.

A young woman who developed acute pancreatitis coincident with Crohn's disease is presented. The pancreatitis was documented by pancreatic hyperamylasemia, elevated urine amylase activity, abdominal sonogram, computed tomography, and laparotomy. A cause-and-effect relationship has not been established, however; no etiology other than the Crohn's disease, which was confined to the ileum and colon, could be identified. Surgical removal of the severely involved ileum led to the resolution of the pancreatitis. A possible relationship between acute pancreatitis and Crohn's disease is proposed, although potential pathophysiologic mechanisms are unknown. The diagnosis of pancreatic involvement in such cases may make an important contribution to therapy.

Acute Disease↗