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Biomedical subjects

B A Chapman

Publications and source records attributed to B A Chapman.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Colonoscopy and bacteraemia: an experience in 50 patients.

There is little consensus concerning the incidence of bacteraemia during colonoscopy and the need for antibiotic prophylaxis in susceptible patients. Hepatic abscesses in one patient which may have been related to prior colonoscopic examinations led the authors to carry out a prospective study of 50 patients undergoing colonoscopy. Multiple blood cultures were carried out to maximise the positive yield of transient bacteraemia and to attempt to determine the time when bacteraemia is most likely to occur. Five patients had positive blood cultures. In two patients S epidermidis was isolated, but only from the precolonoscopic blood sample. In three subjects enteric organisms were cultured from blood samples obtained during the procedure. In one of these three the same organism was cultured from the preendoscopic blood sample so that in only two patients (4%) could the bacteraemia be attributed to the colonoscopy. These results would suggest that the risk of bacteraemia during colonoscopy is low.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Distribution of biliary cholesterol between mixed micelles and nonmicelles in relation to fasting and feeding in humans.

To further investigate the nonmicelle mode of cholesterol transport in human bile, we examined its levels in relation to fasting and feeding. T-tube bile samples were collected (for 30 min) every 4 h over a 24-h period. All patients (3 with cholesterol gallstones; 1 with pigment stone) had their T tube clamped for a minimum of 4 days before the study to allow the bile acid pool to replete. Biliary lipid concentrations in all patients increased with feeding and decreased with fasting. However, because of a greater decrease in bile acid concentration relative to cholesterol concentration during the fasting period, fasting bile was consistently more saturated than bile obtained while feeding. Associated with the increase in lithogenic index with fasting was a decrease in the micelle solubilized cholesterol and an increase in nonmicelle solubilized cholesterol. At low bile acid concentrations (fasting) most biliary cholesterol is therefore transported as a nonmicelle complex, whereas at high bile acid concentrations (feeding) most of the cholesterol is transported in the mixed micelle. No nucleation of the biliary samples was observed in any of the patients over a 10-day period of observation. Thus the biliary nonmicelle complex (presumably vesicles) has a major cholesterol transport function especially at low bile acid concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Halothane hepatitis: toxicity or hypersensitivity?

A 32 year old female developed a severe hepatitis (serum bilirubin 544 mumol/l) one week after a halothane anaesthetic. Six months later a general anaesthetic was administered via a halothane free circuit without incident. A year later a further non halothane anaesthetic was administered this time utilising the routine circuit after briefly flushing the rubber tubing with oxygen. That evening she became febrile and the following day abnormal liver function tests were documented. She remained asymptomatic.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Lithocholate detoxification and biliary secretion in the rat.

To define the efficiency of hepatic detoxification, 14C lithocholate in combination with taurocholate was continuously infused intravenously into rats until steady-state. Quantitation of hepatic radiolabelled bile acid under these conditions showed only 11% of total liver bile acid was unmetabolised, indicating very efficient detoxification of lithocholate, in its most hepatotoxic state. Interestingly we found the rate for each bile acid to reach steady-state differed. To test whether the difference was due to glutathione S-transferase binding, as proposed by Strange et al (8), glutathione S-transferase levels were induced by phenobarbitone treatment. An increase in cytosol glutathione S-transferase levels had no effect on the time it took for each bile acid to reach steady-state.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Increased phospholipid synthesis in the stimulated rat and human pancreas.

Stimulation of the exocrine pancreas is associated with marked changes in pancreatic phospholipid metabolism. It has been previously established that de novo synthesis of phospholipids constitutes part of this "phospholipid effect". This study has demonstrated that in vitro stimulation of the rat pancreas utilising bethanecol and pancreozymin results in increased incorporation of labelled glucose into phosphatidyl inositol and, to a lesser extent, other phospholipids, suggesting increased de novo synthesis of these compounds. However, secretin which is believed to act via a different intracellular pathway, did not exert such an effect. The relevance of this animal model is indicated by the demonstration of increased incorporation of labelled glucose into phospholipids of human pancreas stimulated in vitro by bethanecol or sincalide (the active carboxy terminal octapeptide of pancreozymin).

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Alcohol causes a fatty pancreas. A rat model of ethanol-induced pancreatic steatosis.

To develop an animal mode of alcoholic pancreatic steatosis, female Wistar rats were pair fed liquid diets, containing ethanol as 36% of calories or an isocaloric amount of carbohydrate for 3 weeks. Electron microscopic examination showed lipid vesicles localized principally at the bases of pancreatic acinar cells in the ethanol-fed rats. Ethanol feeding significantly increased pancreatic content of cholesteryl ester without changing levels of other lipids. Ethanol feeding enhanced labeled acetate, palmitate, oleate, and linoleate incorporation into cholesteryl ester. Therefore, increased esterification of cholesterol may, in part, explain the observed accumulation of cholesteryl ester.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1981

The management of ascites using the Rhodiascit Apparatus ("Paris Pump").

The Rhodiascit Apparatus ("Paris Pump") which ultrafilters sodium and water from ascitic fluid allowing reinfusion of a protein-rich concentrate, has been found to be a valuable procedure in the management of ascites associated with liver cirrhosis. The device was evaluated in eight patients with the aim of rapidly controlling ascites with minimum hospitalisation. The duration of the procedure varied from 8.5 to 55 hr (mean 27 hr) and resulted in a mean girth reduction of 13 cm (range 5.7 to 24 cm) and a mean weight loss of 13.6 kg (range 5.7 to 23 kg). Serum electrolytes and total protein were unchanged; a slight but insignificant rise in serum creatinine was observed. Three infective episodes occurred, but these were easily controlled. The procedure was, in general, well tolerated, inexpensive and allowed rapid relief of ascites with few complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Skin testing for coeliac disease.

Subfractions of gluten from two genetically different New Zealand wheats were injected intradermally in 16 patients with coeliac disease and 20 healthy controls. The coeliac patients as a group exhibited greater skin reactions when examined at seven hours than the controls. However, the skin test did not give sufficient discrimination to make it clinically useful as a screening test for coeliac disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

An unusual case of flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs following herpes zoster.

A 57-year-old man with left T8-9 cutaneous Herpes Zoster lesions and subsequent development of flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs is reported. Viral studies strongly supported a diagnosis of Herpes Zoster. No other cause for the paralysis was found. The time interval between the cutaneous lesions and the motor weakness, the clinical course and good recovery suggest a causal relationship. The dermatomal and myotomal dissociation has been well-documented on the ipsilateral side, but involvement of the contralateral side is rare. This would appear to be unusual in that there was bilateral weakness of "LMN type".

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of endoscopic forceps biopsies and capsule biopsies in determining disaccharidase activity in the duodenum.

Endoscopic biopsy is an accepted technique for obtaining samples of small bowel mucosa for histological examination. In this study a comparison between endoscopic forceps biopsies and capsule biopsies in estimating disaccharidase enzyme activity in the small bowel was evaluated. Disaccharidase levels on 168 consecutive small bowel biopsies obtained by either endoscopic biopsy or capsule biopsy were reviewed retrospectively. There was no significant difference in enzyme activity in samples collected by either method. Another 18 patients had simultaneous endoscopic and capsule biopsies from the second part of the duodenum. Again, there was no difference in enzyme activity between samples collected by either technique at the same level in the duodenum. The disaccharidase activity in forceps biopsies taken from the second part of the duodenum is equivalent to those obtained by capsule biopsy.

Adult↗