Biomedical subjects
Allan Templeton
Publications and source records attributed to Allan Templeton.
Parallel observation of four methods for screening women under 25 years of age for genital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.
OBJECTIVES: To compare four methods of screening women for Chlamydia trachomatis in an obstetrics and gynaecology department. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 303 healthy women under 25 years were recruited from antenatal, induced abortion, and family planning clinics. Each underwent parallel testing of endocervical specimens by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and ligase chain reaction (LCR), vulval swabs by LCR, and urine by LCR. Outcome measures included sensitivity, specificity, acceptability of each method, and the influence of pregnancy. RESULTS: Overall prevalence (95% CI) was 9.9% (6.8-14%). All methods had a high rate of detection (75-100%), not affected by pregnancy. Urine was most acceptable, followed by vulval swabbing. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunistic screening of women under 25 years attending obstetric and gynaecology affiliated clinics found high rates of C. trachomatis infection. Both urine and vulval swab methods were highly sensitive, acceptable, and not affected by pregnancy status. Due to pragmatic issues surrounding the urine method, screening by vulval swabs deserves wider recognition.
Infertility therapy-associated multiple pregnancies (births): an ongoing epidemic.
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Oral misoprostol (100 microg) versus vaginal misoprostol (25 microg) in term labor induction: a randomized comparison.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol (25 microg) to oral misoprostol (100 microg) in labor induction at term. METHODS: One hundred and one women at term, with indications for labor induction and cervical Bishop's scores of less than 8, were randomly assigned to receive 100 microg of oral misoprostol or 25 microg vaginal misoprostol after random allocation. This could be repeated every 4 h to a maximum of five doses. The number delivering vaginally within 24 h of the induction was the main outcome measure. RESULTS: Of those who delivered vaginally (74.5% in the oral group vs. 72% in the vaginal group), significantly fewer women delivered within 24 h of induction in the oral group (42.1% vs. 72.2%, RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9), with more women receiving more than one dose (45.7% vs. 16.7%, RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-6.0). More women in the oral group received oxytocin (68.6% vs. 44%, RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.2), and the induction to delivery interval was shorter in the vaginal group, although this was not statistically significant [28.9 h (SD 20.2) vs. 20.6 h (SD 16.1), mean difference - 8.3 h, 95% CI - 16.8 to 0.2]. There were no differences in the modes of delivery, uterine hyperstimulation rates or in the neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSION: Vaginal misoprostol in its currently recommended dose of 25 microg seems to be more efficacious than the 100 microg oral dose.
Medical abortion at 64 to 91 days of gestation: a review of 483 consecutive cases.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the uptake and outcome of medical abortion in the late first trimester of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a review of the cases of 483 consecutive women in a university hospital who underwent medical abortion at 64 to 91 days of gestation and who used mifepristone that was followed 36 to 48 hours later by repeated doses of misoprostol. RESULTS: A total of 891 abortions were carried out at 64 to 91 days of gestation from October 2000 to April 2002; of these, 483 cases (54.2%) were undertaken medically. Complete abortion occurred in 458 cases (94.8%). Efficacy decreased with advancing gestational age. Surgical evacuation was carried out in 1 woman (0.9%) at 9 to 10 weeks of gestation, in 8 women (5.3%) at 10 to 11 weeks of gestation, in 7 women (6.2%) at 11 to 12 weeks of gestation, and in 9 women (7.9%) at 12 to 13 weeks of gestation. Indications for surgery included ongoing pregnancy in 8 cases (1.7%), missed abortion in 3 cases (0.6%), incomplete abortion in 13 cases (2.7%), and emergency curettage for bleeding in 1 case (0.2%). The mean number of misoprostol doses used was 2.3; of those women who had a complete abortion, 152 women (32.6%) aborted within 4 hours of receiving the misoprostol. The mean induction to abortion interval was 5.5 hours; most cases (452; 93.6%) were treated as day cases. CONCLUSION: Medical abortion between 64 and 91 days of gestation is effective and has a high uptake. Consideration should be given to extending the availability and choice of medical abortion to women in this gestational group.
The effectiveness of IVF in unexplained infertility: a systematic Cochrane review. 2002,.
BACKGROUND: IVF is an accepted treatment for unexplained infertility. The objective of this review was to determine whether, for unexplained infertility, IVF improves the probability of live birth compared with: (i) expectant management; (ii) clomiphene citrate (CC); (iii) intrauterine insemination (IUI); (iv) IUI with controlled ovarian stimulation; and (v) gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT). METHODS: This was based on a Cochrane review. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared the effectiveness of IVF with expectant management, CC, IUI with or without controlled ovarian stimulation and GIFT were included. Patients included couples with unexplained infertility. Live birth rate per woman/couple was the main outcome measure. RESULTS: Nine RCT were identified. Five RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis. There were no comparative data for CC and live birth rates for expectant management or GIFT. There was no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rates between IVF and expectant management. There was no evidence of a difference in live birth rates between IVF and IUI either without (OR 1.96, 95% CI 0.88 to 4.36) or with (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.42) ovarian stimulation. Clinical pregnancy rates with IVF were significantly higher compared with GIFT (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.08 to 4.22) as were the multiple pregnancy rates (OR 6.25, 95% CI 1.70 to 23.00). Clinical heterogeneity was present among the studies. There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of IVF in unexplained infertility remains unproven. Larger trials with adequate power are warranted.
Does Caesarean section cause infertility?
The global rise in the rate of Caesarean sections (CS) during the last 20 years has coincided with an increase in the number of couples seeking help for infertility. There have been attempts to examine the link between these two conditions, and available data confirm an association between CS and infertility. The relationship is complex, however, involving more than a simple patho-physiological association. There may be a voluntary component to the causal relationship between CS and infertility, which is best explored using qualitative methods. We argue that CS does cause infertility, but the mechanism could be social/psychological rather than pathological.
Can history, ultrasound, or ELISA chlamydial antibodies, alone or in combination, predict tubal factor infertility in subfertile women?
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine whether medical history, transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) or Chlamydia trachomatis antibody testing (CAT), alone or in combination, could provide a non-invasive, clinically useful screening test for predicting tubal factor infertility (TFI) in subfertile women. METHODS: Prior to tubal evaluation, relevant medical history, TVU findings, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG CAT results were collected. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LR) and accuracy for predicting TFI, as determined by laparoscopy and dye hydrotubation, were calculated for each test alone, and in parallel and series combination. RESULTS: Thirty per cent (63/207) were diagnosed with TFI. The highest sensitivity (67%, 95% CI: 54-77) included any positive test, yet missed one in three women with TFI. The highest specificity (100%, 95% CI: 97-100) required all three tests positive, but identified only three women. Only the combination of CAT and TVU rated as a good clinical test, but confidence intervals were wide due to the small numbers affected. The combination of CAT or TVU and CAT alone reported the highest accuracy (73%, 95% CI: 66-78), misdiagnosing one in four women. CONCLUSION: Medical history, TVU appearances, and ELISA IgG CAT alone, or in combination, failed to predict accurately TFI in subfertile women.
Randomised controlled study comparing oral and vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming prior to surgical termination of pregnancy.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of oral misoprostol with vaginal misoprostol as a cervical priming agent prior to first trimester vacuum aspiration. DESIGN: Randomised study. SETTING: Scottish teaching hospital. POPULATION: Primigravid women at gestations up to 91 days requesting surgical abortion under the 1967 Abortion Act. METHODS: Sixty-four women were randomised to receive misoprostol 400 microg orally at home or vaginally in hospital 2-4 hours pre-operatively for cervical priming. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were cumulative force required to dilate the cervix to 9 mm, baseline cervical dilatation, intra-operative blood loss and patient and staff acceptability. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in baseline cervical dilatation, peak force required to dilate the cervix at 8 and 9 mm and cumulative force required between the two groups. Operating time and intra-operative blood loss were not significantly different between the two groups. The priming to abortion interval was significantly longer with oral misoprostol when compared with the vaginal group (P < 0.0001). Women receiving oral misoprostol were significantly more likely to experience nausea (OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.3 to 11.2), while women receiving vaginal misoprostol were more likely to complain of tiredness (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.7) with no significant differences in other side effects between the two groups. There was no significant difference in patient acceptability in relation to the priming agent between the two groups (P = 0.96). However, majority of the nursing staff (83%) admitting women preferred the oral route of administration. CONCLUSION: Cervical priming with oral misoprostol at home is effective with high patient and staff acceptability.
Ooplasmic transfer--proceed with care.
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In-vitro fertilisation and risk of multiple pregnancy.
There is concern about the medical, social, and economic consequences of multiple pregnancy after in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). The most effective way to limit the risk of such a pregnancy is to replace only one or two embryos simultaneously. This strategy, however, is thought to reduce pregnancy rates. We analysed the rates of multiple pregnancies and live-births in all clinics in the UK in relation to their elective two-embryo transfer (ETT) policies. Our results suggest that replacement of two embryos eliminates the chance of triplets without affecting overall success rates.
A comparison of two dosage regimens of oral misoprostol for labor induction at term.
METHODS: 251 women with indications for labor induction at term were randomised to receive either 50 or 100 microgs of oral misoprostol, repeated every 4 h to a maximum of 5 doses. Parous women in the higher dose group received 50 microgs as their first dose, subsequent doses being 100 microgs. Women who failed to respond to the 5 doses of misoprostol had the option of having vaginal PGE2 gel. The primary outcome measure was the induction to delivery interval in those who delivered vaginally. Patient satisfaction was assessed by postnatal questionnaire. RESULTS: The induction to vaginal delivery interval, although shorter in the 100 microgs group was not statistically significant (26.8 versus 33.7 h, mean difference 6.9 h, 95% CI 0.4-13). There were, however, more failed inductions with misoprostol in the 50 microgs group (12.7% Vs 4.8%, RR 2.6, 95% CI 1.07-6.5). There were no differences in the modes of delivery, number of caesarean sections for fetal distress or in the neonatal outcomes in the two groups. Most patients, 83% and 92% in the 50 and 100 microgs, respectively, were satisfied with their inductions, and 64% of patients would prefer to have the inducing agent given orally if they were to have another induction. CONCLUSION: Oral misoprostol is effective in inducing labor and seems acceptable to patients. Both the 50 and 100 microgs dose regimens have a reasonable safety profile, but in view of the higher incidence of failed inductions with the 50 microgs dosage, the 100 microgs dose regimen may be the preferred dose regimen.
Factors affecting the outcome of early medical abortion: a review of 4132 consecutive cases.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of a regimen of a reduced dose of mifepristone followed by one or two doses of vaginal misoprostol as a non-surgical method for termination of pregnancy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland. POPULATION: Women seeking abortion under the 1967 Abortion Act. METHODS: Factors influencing the outcome in a consecutive series of 4132 women undergoing early medical abortion in one Scottish teaching hospital since 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Complete abortion rates following one or two doses of misoprostol. The effect of age, gestation, previous pregnancy and previous termination on complete abortion rates following the medical regimen. RESULTS: Of the 4132 women, 95 (2.3%) aborted within 48 hours of mifepristone and a further 3942 (95.4%) achieved complete abortion following administration of one or two doses of misoprostol. Thus, the overall complete abortion rate was 97.7% (4037/4131). A total of 94 (2.3%) women required surgical intervention of whom 13 (0.3%) had a continuing pregnancy. Following change of the regimen to include the possibility of two doses of misoprostol the continuing pregnancy rates were significantly reduced (OR = 5.88) and gestation ceased to have an effect on overall efficacy. Women who had a previous abortion were more likely to have a failed medical abortion (OR = 2.09), while women with no previous termination, but a previous live birth were more likely to have a failed abortion (OR = 2.03). CONCLUSION: Mifepristone in combination with one to two doses of vaginal misoprostol is an effective regimen for early medical abortion. The option of administering two doses of misoprostol significantly reduced the ongoing pregnancy rates and abolished the effect of gestation on overall efficacy. Previous termination was the strongest predictor of failed medical abortion.
Surgical abortion.
This review of surgically-induced abortion focuses on conventional first trimester suction evacuation. Manual vacuum aspiration at early gestations and dilatation and evacuation at more advanced gestation are also considered. The place of surgical abortion in contemporary abortion practice is reviewed alongside developments in medical abortion. There is still debate about the best method for later abortions. Patient choice and pre-procedure assessment are considered fundamental to practice. The importance of antibiotic prophylaxis or infection screening is highlighted. The value of ultrasound emerges. The need for cervical priming is considered along with choice of suitable pharmacological agents. Current practice and the procedure of surgical abortion is outlined. Complications and strategies to minimize risk are detailed. The overview concludes with consideration of the impact on future reproductive health.
Sublingual misoprostol for the induction of labor at term.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability of sublingual misoprostol compared with an equivalent dose administered orally for labor induction at term. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred women with medical or obstetric indications for induction of labor after 37 weeks of gestation and unfavorable cervices were randomized to receive 50 microg of misoprostol either orally or sublingually. The dose was repeated every 4 hours to a maximum of 5 doses if indicated. Previous cesarean delivery was a criteria for exclusion. Our primary outcome measure was the number of patients who went on to have a vaginal delivery within 24 hours of the induction. The need for oxytocin, mode of delivery, number of cesarean deliveries for fetal distress, uterine hyperstimulation rates, and neonatal outcomes were secondary outcome measures. Patient acceptability was assessed by questionnaires completed after delivery. RESULTS: Significantly more patients were delivered of infants within 24 hours (73.8% versus 45.7%; relative risk, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.4) and the induction to delivery intervals were significantly shorter (20 hours versus 28.3 hours; mean difference, 8.3 hours; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 15.4) in the sublingual group compared with the oral group. There was 1 case of uterine hyperstimulation in the sublingual group. There were no significant differences in the mode of delivery, interventions for fetal distress, or neonatal outcomes in the 2 groups. The satisfaction rates were 82.5% and 85.7% in the oral and sublingual groups respectively, and 9.5% of patients thought that the sublingual tablets did not dissolve completely. CONCLUSION: There has been no previous report in the literature of misoprostol given sublingually for labor induction. Sublingual misoprostol seems to have better efficacy than oral misoprostol, seems to be acceptable to patients, and is an option to be considered to induce labor at term.
New challenges for gamete donation programmes: changes in guidelines are needed.
In the UK, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 prevents children born as a result of donor-assisted conception from gaining access to identifying information about their genetic origins. There is growing concern that current screening protocols regarding gamete donation are ill-suited, especially in relation to genetic disease. There are no guidelines addressing the issues of confidentiality that might arise if a disease emerges after insemination and establishment of pregnancy. Donors may become aware that they are at risk of a familial condition after they have donated gametes or recipients of donated gametes may become aware of a genetic illness in the resulting child. At present, there is no agreed method for allowing this information to be given to the donor or other recipients of gametes from that person. We suggest that these issues should be raised with donors, and appropriate counselling and predictive tests offered to them. Changes in regulations regarding gamete donation should be considered that accommodate recent and possible future developments in genetics. Furthermore, consideration should be given to the storage of samples of DNA from donors for the future provision of genetic information.
A randomized comparison of medical abortion and surgical vacuum aspiration at 10-13 weeks gestation.
BACKGROUND: Since 1991, mifepristone in combination with a prostaglandin analogue has been licensed for termination of pregnancy in the UK at up to 9 weeks amenorrhoea, and since 1995, beyond 13 weeks. Surgical methods are used almost exclusively at 10-13 weeks amenorrhoea. METHODS: A patient-centred, partially randomized, controlled trial was carried out. Those who expressed a strong preference for either medical (n = 15) or surgical (n = 62) abortion were allocated to that method. The remainder agreed to be randomized. The medical method (n = 188) was mifepristone 200 mg followed by misoprostol up to 3 doses, and surgery (n = 180) was by vacuum aspiration under general anaesthesia. Outcome measures included efficacy rates, medical complications within 8 weeks of the procedure, patient preferences and acceptability. RESULTS: Among women who underwent medical abortion, 5.4% required a second procedure compared with 2.1% who had surgery, although this difference was not statistically significant. Side effects experienced were higher in women who underwent medical abortion compared with those who underwent surgery. There were no significant differences in the rates of major complications up to 8 weeks. Prior to termination, 80% of women had a preference for a method, with 72% preferring medical and 28% preferring surgical abortion. Following abortion, 70% of those who underwent medical termination and 79% who underwent surgery would opt for the same method in the future. CONCLUSION: Medical abortion is safe and effective at 10-13 weeks gestation and should be considered an option for those women who wish to avoid surgery and anaesthesia.
The accuracy and efficacy of screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis: a systematic review.
Screening women for lower genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is important in the prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. This systematic review aims to state clearly which of the available diagnostic tests for the detection of C. trachomatis would be most effective in terms of clinical effectiveness. The review included all studies published from 1990 onward that evaluated diagnostic tests in asymptomatic, young, sexually active populations. Medline and Embase were searched electronically and key journals were hand-searched. Further studies were identified through the Internet and contact with experts in the field. All studies were reviewed by two reviewers and were scored by Irwig's assessment criteria. Additional quality assessment criteria included a documented sexual history and recording of previous chlamydial infection. The reviews were subjected to meta-analysis and meta-regression. The 30 studies that were included examined three types of DNA-based test--ligase chain reaction (LCR), PCR and gene probe--as well as enzyme immuno-assay (EIA). The results showed that while specificities were high, sensitivities varied widely across the tests and were also dependent on the specimen tested. Pooled sensitivities for LCR, PCR, gene probe and EIA on urine were 96.5%, 85.6%, 92% and 38%, respectively, while on cervical swabs the corresponding sensitivities of PCR, gene probe and EIA were 88.6%, 84% and 65%. Meta-analysis demonstrated that DNA amplification techniques performed best for both urine and swabs in low prevalence populations. We conclude that nucleic acid amplification tests used on non-invasive samples such as urine are more effective at detecting asymptomatic chlamydial infection than conventional tests, but there are few data to relate a positive result with clinical outcome.