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PubMed2025

Autism spectrum disorder risk genes have convergent effects on transcription and neuronal firing patterns in primary neurons.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogenous neurodevelopmental disorder with numerous genetic risk factors. Notably, a disproportionate number of risk genes encode transcription regulators including transcription factors and proteins that regulate chromatin. Here, we test the function of nine such ASD-linked transcription regulators by depleting them in primary cultured neurons. We then define the resulting gene expression disruptions using RNA sequencing and test effects on neuronal firing using multielectrode array recordings. We identify shared gene expression signatures across many ASD risk genes that converge on the disruption of critical synaptic genes. Fitting with this, we detect robust disruptions to neuronal firing throughout neuronal maturation. Together, these findings provide evidence that the loss of multiple ASD-linked transcriptional regulators disrupts transcription of synaptic genes and has convergent effects on neuronal firing that may contribute to enhanced ASD risk.

Autism Spectrum Disorder↗

PubMed2025

Cellular imbalance in proximal and distal lung of CFTR-/- sheep in utero and at birth.

BACKGROUND: The Lung is the major focus of therapeutic approaches for the inherited disorder cystic fibrosis (CF) as without treatment lung disease is life-limiting. However, the initiating events that predispose the CF lung to cycles of infection, inflammation and resultant tissue damage are still unclear. Inflammation may occur in the CF lung prior to birth in human and several large animal models suggesting an in utero origin for the disease and encouraging further studies prior to birth. METHODS: Here we used the sheep model of CF (CFTR-/-) and age-matched wild-type (WT) sheep of the same breed to investigate the single cell transcriptomes of proximal and distal lung tissue at 80 days and 120 days of gestation and at term (147 days). Single cell RNA-seq was performed on tissues from 4 to 7 animals of each genotype (WT and CFTR-/-) at each time point. RESULTS: At term, FOXJ1-expressing ciliated cells are overrepresented in both lung regions from CFTR-/- lambs, while secretory epithelial and basal cells are underrepresented in proximal lung, as are T cells and monocytes in distal lung. The imbalance in ciliated and basal cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. At 120 days of gestation, lymphoid cells are slightly more abundant in proximal and distal lung from CFTR-/- animals compared to WT, consistent with the transient CF-associated inflammatory response in utero. At 80 days of gestation, T and B cells are underrepresented in both lung regions. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in epithelial cell abundance observed in the CFTR-/- lambs at term may reflect sequelae from the loss of CFTR on lung development and differentiation in utero. These findings provide novel insights into the cellular mechanisms of pathology and may be relevant to the design of new therapeutic approaches for CF lung disease.

Animals↗