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Biomedical subjects

Aaron R Biesbrock

Publications and source records attributed to Aaron R Biesbrock.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Comparative plaque removal efficacy of a dual-action power toothbrush and a manual tooth: effects by tooth type.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the plaque removal efficacy of a dual action power toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro Clean) relative to an ADA reference manual toothbrush. In addition to overall plaque removal, emphasis was put on plaque reduction around the gingival margin, interproximal areas of the tooth and in the posterior segment of the dentition. METHODS: The study was a randomized, examiner-blind, two-treatment, four-period, crossover design. After an informed consent, 50 healthy volunteers were randomized to four treatment sequences and used each toothbrush twice according to their assigned treatment sequence. At every visit, plaque removal was assessed at baseline and after a single brushing using the Rustogi-modified Navy Plaque Index that allows estimation of interproximal plaque and plaque at the gingival margin. Self-reported and examiner-observed adverse events were collected at every visit. Mean Plaque Index (MPI) scores were calculated for the whole mouth, gingival region, interproximal region and different areas of the dentition using an analysis of covariance for crossover design with baseline plaque score as the covariate. RESULTS: 49 subjects provided complete data and were included in the analysis. Baseline MPI scores were not significantly different between the groups for any investigated tooth region or dentition area. Following a single brushing, the power toothbrush provided a reduction of 43% (P< 0.001) for the whole mouth MPI, 43% (P< 0.001) for the gingival margin MPI and 65% (P< 0.001) for the interproximal MPI relative to a manual brush. Use of the power toothbrush resulted in a significant reduction of whole-mouth and gingival margin MPI across all areas of the dentition compared to a manual toothbrush (P< 0.001). The power toothbrush also had superior interproximal plaque removal efficacy compared to the manual toothbrush for molars (P< 0.001, with 118% greater removal score). Both brushes were well tolerated.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Plaque removal efficacy of a prototype manual toothbrush versus an ADA reference manual toothbrush with and without dental floss.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the plaque removal efficacy of a prototype manual Deep Clean toothbrush versus an American Dental Association (ADA) manual toothbrush and the ADA manual toothbrush in conjunction with floss. METHODS: This study was a randomized, examiner-blind, six-period cross-over, single-center study conducted in 60 adult subjects that examined plaque removal with a prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush, an ADA reference manual toothbrush, and an ADA reference manual toothbrush followed by floss. During the course of this study, subjects used each treatment two times. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index. A mixed model analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for a crossover design with baseline plaque score as the covariate was applied to the baseline minus one-minute post-brushing differences in average whole-mouth plaque scores. Supplemental analyses were also performed using the ANCOVA model separately for average gingival margin scores and for average interproximal scores, using the appropriate baseline score as the covariate. All comparisons were two-sided at the 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush delivered an adjusted (via ANCOVA) mean difference between baseline and post-brushing plaque scores of 0.245, while the ADA manual toothbrush plus floss delivered an adjusted mean difference of 0.207 versus 0.196 for the ADA manual toothbrush alone. The prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush demonstrated a statistically significantly greater reduction in plaque than the ADA manual toothbrush plus floss (p<0.001), which in turn had a statistically significantly greater reduction in plaque than the ADA manual toothbrush alone (p<0.001). The prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush group had, on average, 25.2% and 18.3% greater plaque removal scores than the ADA manual toothbrush alone and the ADA manual toothbrush plus floss groups, respectively. Results for the interproximal and gingival margin regions also demonstrated statistically significantly (p<0.001) greater plaque removal for the prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush group relative to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prototype manual Deep Clean toothbrush was found to deliver greater plaque removal by 25.2% and 18.3% compared to the control manual toothbrush group (ADA reference manual toothbrush) and ADA manual toothbrush plus floss group.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice.

OBJECTIVE: Stannous fluoride is a broad-spectrum anti-microbial agent that has been used in dentistry as a chemical adjunct to prevent dental caries and gingivitis. The objective of this study was to assess the anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice relative to a negative control. METHODS: This was a randomized, 6-month, double-blind, parallel-group gingivitis study conducted according to the guidelines for evaluating chemotherapeutic products for the control of gingivitis outlined by the American Dental Association. A stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice was tested against a commercially available negative control dentifrice. Following baseline measurements, subjects received a dental prophylaxis. Subjects were then instructed to brush twice daily for 60 s using their assigned product. Oral soft-hard-tissue examinations and clinical examinations using the Modified Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index, and the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index were performed at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-treatment. RESULTS: A total of 143 subjects were enrolled and 130 of them completed the 6-month study. After 6 months of product usage, the experimental group had 21.7% less gingivitis (p<0.001), 57.1% less bleeding (p<0.001), and 6.9% less plaque (p=0.01) on average compared with the negative control group. No adverse oral soft-hard-tissue effects or extrinsic tooth staining was observed in the study. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that use of the stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice over a 6-month period provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis, gingival bleeding, and plaque when compared with a negative control dentifrice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Relative plaque removal of three toothbrushes in a nine-period crossover study.

BACKGROUND: This study measured the ability of three toothbrushes to remove plaque following three single brushing episodes with each toothbrush. METHODS: This was a randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, nine-period crossover study conducted in 72 adult subjects over a 3-month period that examined plaque removal with a rechargeable power toothbrush and two manual toothbrushes. During the course of this study, subjects brushed three times with each of the toothbrushes. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index. RESULTS: Average baseline plaque scores were between 0.373 and 0.376 for the three treatment groups. The power toothbrush delivered an adjusted (via analysis of covariance) mean difference between baseline and post-brushing plaque scores of 0.270, whereas the manual toothbrushes delivered adjusted mean differences of 0.211 (control ADA manual toothbrush) and 0.190 (experimental manual toothbrush). The power toothbrush demonstrated a statistically significantly greater reduction in plaque than the ADA reference manual toothbrush (P < 0.001), which in turn had a statistically significantly greater reduction in plaque than the experimental manual toothbrush (P < 0.001). The powered toothbrush group had, on average, 42.4% and 28.2% greater plaque removal scores than the experimental manual toothbrush and ADA reference manual toothbrush groups, respectively. Results for the interproximal and gingival regions also demonstrated statistically significantly (P < 0.001) greater plaque removal for the powered toothbrush relative to the control manual toothbrushes. CONCLUSION: The powered toothbrush was found to deliver greater plaque removal by 42.4% and 28.2% compared to the control manual toothbrushes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of topical cimetidine rinse on gingival crevicular neutrophil leukocyte function.

BACKGROUND: Three coordinated mechanism-of-action clinical studies were conducted to examine the effects of topical cimetidine rinse on neutrophil function in the gingival crevice. METHODS: The first study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 28-day experimental gingivitis study involving 21 healthy adults, in which subjects rinsed twice a day with placebo or 0.5% cimetidine rinses. At baseline and days 14, 21, and 28, neutrophils were harvested from prespecified gingival sulcular sites, purified, stained, and examined by trifluorochrome phagocytosis and killing microassay. The second and third studies were placebo-controlled, 9-week, three-period (each of 3 weeks' duration), longitudinal studies involving seven and nine adults with moderate periodontitis, respectively. Subjects rinsed twice a day during periods 1 and 3 with placebo and during period 2 with 0.5% cimetidine. At baseline and weekly intervals, neutrophils were harvested from prespecified periodontal pockets, purified, stained, and examined by trifluorochrome phagocytosis and killing microassay in the second study. In the third study, neutrophils were examined spectrophotometrically for superoxide production and in a luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS: In the first study, the mean number of phagocytosing neutrophils was statistically significantly increased (P = 0.016) in the cimetidine group (31.1 cells/subject) versus the placebo group (13.7 cells/subject) at day 28. In addition, a statistically significant increase (P = 0.036) in bacterial killing was observed in the cimetidine rinse group; in the cimetidine group, 63.4% of bacteria in the neutrophils were killed compared to 46.2% in the placebo group. Additional data from the other two studies support these findings. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these studies provide evidence that topical 0.5% cimetidine oral rinse enhances the antibacterial function of crevicular neutrophils.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

Plaque removal efficacy of a prototype power toothbrush compared to a control manual toothbrush.

PURPOSE: To compare the plaque removal efficacy of a control manual toothbrush (Lion Dentor Systema) to this prototype power toothbrush (Blend-a-Med Power) following a repeated single use study design. In addition, this paper reports the results of a study examining the relative plaque removal efficacy of the control manual toothbrush to nine representative manual toothbrushes. METHODS: This study was a randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, 6-period crossover design which examined plaque removal with the two toothbrushes following a single use in 86 completed subjects. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Index. A second 10-period crossover study was conducted to index the relative plaque removal performance of the control manual toothbrush (Lion Dentor Systema) to nine representative manual toothbrushes. RESULTS: Baseline plaque scores were 2.322 and 2.305 for the prototype power toothbrush and control toothbrush treatment groups, respectively. With respect to all surfaces examined, the prototype power toothbrush delivered an adjusted (via analysis of covariance) mean difference between baseline and post-brushing plaque scores of 0.633 while the control toothbrush delivered an adjusted mean difference of 0.576. The experimental toothbrush group, on average, had a 9.9% larger plaque removal score than the control toothbrush. These results were statistically significant (P= 0.014). Similar results were observed on buccal and lingual surfaces. In addition, results from the study comparing manual toothbrushes showed that the control manual toothbrush had similar plaque removal scores, not statistically significantly different, relative to nine representative manual toothbrushes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Antigingivitis efficacy of a stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice in subjects previously nonresponsive to a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice.

Antimicrobial agents, such as stannous fluoride and triclosan, have been incorporated into dentifrice formulations and shown to be effective in the prevention and reduction of gingivitis. However, not all subjects respond to treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the antigingivitis efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice among subjects who were identified as nonresponsive or minimally responsive to a sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer dentifrice. This was a 12-week, examiner-blind, single-center study. Forty-one subjects with no or minimal gingivitis response to 6 months of use of a sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer dentifrice were enrolled in this study and 38 of them provided complete data. All subjects were provided with a 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice to use over the next 3 months (12 weeks). Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for 60 seconds using their assigned product. Toothbrushing was supervised for 3 days of each week. Clinical examinations using the Löe-Silness Gingival Index were performed at 6 and 12 weeks posttreatment. The 6-month scores after the use of the sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer dentifrice served as the baseline. After 12 weeks of product use, participants had statistically significantly less gingivitis by 54% and statistically significantly less bleeding by 55% on average compared to baseline. No adverse oral soft tissue effects were reported in the study. This study demonstrated that the use of an experimental 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice over a 12-week period provides a statistically significant and clinically relevant effect in the control of gingivitis among subjects who previously did not respond to 6 months of use of a sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer dentifrice.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Benefits of sodium hexametaphosphate-containing chewing gum for extrinsic stain inhibition.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the ability of sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from a chewing gum to prevent extrinsic tooth stain formation. METHODS: This study was a negative-controlled, randomized, two-period crossover design, with a 10-day washout period between treatments. The two treatments were a chewing gum containing 5.6% sodium hexametaphosphate and a negative control chewing gum. Eleven subjects who met study criteria were enrolled, and 10 completed the study over a two-week period. Each treatment period lasted approximately 48 hours and was separated by a washout period. After a dental prophylaxis, a digital image of the anterior teeth was taken to assess baseline stain. The three-day stain induction phase consisted of the patient using a 10 ml 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse for 60 seconds, followed by chewing two pellets/sticks of their assigned gum for five minutes and rinsing with 10 ml of cold tea solution for 60 seconds. No oral hygiene was permitted other than use of the test products. During both treatment periods, each subject followed the same regimen eight times, once per hour, throughout the day. RESULTS: On Days 2 and 3, the adjusted mean L* measurement was statistically significantly greater for the sodium hexametaphosphate gum than for the control gum. Moreover, nine of the 10 subjects had whiter teeth while on the experimental gum treatment at both Day 2 and Day 3. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support that sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from a chewing gum prevents dental stain formation and leads to a patient-desired whitening benefit.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The comparative efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice and sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer dentifrice for the control of gingivitis: a 6-month randomized clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial agents such as stannous fluoride and triclosan have been incorporated into dentifrice formulations and have been shown to be effective in reducing gingivitis. The objective of this study was to compare the anti-gingivitis efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice to a positive control triclosan/copolymer dentifrice. METHODS: This was a 6-month, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study conducted according to the American Dental Association guidelines for evaluating chemotherapeutic products for the control of gingivitis. A 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice was tested against a commercially available positive control dentifrice (0.30% triclosan/2.0% Gantrez copolymer). Following baseline measurements, subjects received a dental prophylaxis. Subjects were then instructed to brush twice daily for 60 seconds using their assigned product. Tooth brushing was supervised for 3 days of each week. Clinical examinations using a gingival index were performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 199 subjects were enrolled and 186 completed the 6-month study. Average baseline gingivitis and bleeding scores were similar for the two treatment groups. After 6 months, the experimental group had statistically significantly less gingivitis (25.8%) and statistically significantly less bleeding (27.4%) on average compared to the control group. Neither adverse oral soft tissue effects nor tooth staining were reported. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of the study protocol, the results demonstrated superior therapeutic benefits for the stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice in reducing gingivitis compared to the triclosan/copolymer control in this partially supervised study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

One- and 3-minute plaque removal by a battery-powered versus a manual toothbrush.

BACKGROUND: A new battery-powered toothbrush with a fundamentally different design than other powered toothbrushes has recently been introduced. The new toothbrush has a powered oscillating round head and a second powered head that translates back and forth. This study compared the plaque removal efficacy of a manual toothbrush to this new powered toothbrush. METHODS: This randomized, controlled, examiner-masked, four-period cross-over study examined plaque removal with the two toothbrushes following a single use in 40 subjects. Plaque was scored before brushing and after 1 and 3 minutes of brushing using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein index. RESULTS: Baseline plaque scores were 2.98 prior to using the powered toothbrush and 2.99 prior to using the manual toothbrush. The powered toothbrush delivered a covariance-adjusted mean plaque score change from baseline of 0.61 after 1 minute of brushing and 0.93 after 3 minutes of brushing. The adjusted mean changes for the manual toothbrush were 0.43 and 0.62, respectively. The differences between treatment groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001) after both 1 and 3 minutes of brushing. The powered toothbrush had, on average, 42.1% and 49.6% greater plaque removal scores after 1 minute and 3 minutes of brushing, respectively. Both toothbrushes had statistically significantly greater plaque removal scores after 3 minutes than after 1 minute of brushing (P < 0.001). Plaque removal scores for each toothbrush after 3 minutes of brushing were about 50% higher than the scores after 1 minute of brushing. CONCLUSIONS: The powered toothbrush delivered statistically significantly superior plaque removal after both 1 and 3 minutes of brushing compared to the manual toothbrush. Both toothbrushes showed statistically significantly greater plaque removal following 3 minutes of brushing than following 1 minute of brushing, and the difference between the toothbrushes was greater following 3 minutes of brushing than following 1 minute of brushing.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dental plaque removal effectiveness of two powered toothbrushes.

PURPOSE: To compare the plaque removal efficacy of an experimental powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro with redesigned bristle head) versus a control powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush Pro) following a single use. METHODS: This study was a randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, 4-period crossover design that examined plaque removal with the two toothbrushes following a single use. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Index. RESULTS: A total of 44 subjects provided data that were used in the statistical analysis. Baseline whole-mouth plaque scores averaged 2.177 prior to using the experimental powered toothbrush with redesigned bristles and 2.220 prior to using the control powered toothbrush. The experimental power toothbrush delivered an adjusted (via ANCOVA) mean difference between baseline and post-brushing plaque scores of 0.662 while the control toothbrush delivered an adjusted mean difference of 0.669. The experimental powered toothbrush had, on average, 1.1% lower plaque removal scores than the control toothbrush. The difference between toothbrushes was not statistically significantly different from zero (P = 0.667). A 95% confidence interval on the mean difference in whole-mouth plaque removal scores was calculated and was within plus or minus 6.3% of the control power toothbrush adjusted mean.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Tooth whitening through the removal of extrinsic stain with a power toothbrush: results of four randomized, examiner blind, positive controlled clinical studies.

PURPOSE: To assess the "whitening" through stain removal benefit delivered by a prototype power toothbrush and a positive control power toothbrush over a 2-week period. METHODS: Four independent studies with identical protocols were conducted to examine tooth whitening through the removal of extrinsic stain with power toothbrushes. These were randomized, positive-controlled, two treatment, parallel group, examiner-blind, 2-week studies involving approximately 20 healthy adults with longstanding visible extrinsic stain on the facial surfaces of the 12 anterior teeth. Approximately 10 subjects per group were enrolled into the study for each of the two treatment groups; a prototype-powered toothbrush group (Crest SpinBrush Pro Whitening) and a positive control powered toothbrush group (Sonicare Personal 4100). RESULTS: In these four studies, the positive control sonic power toothbrush statistically significantly (P < 0.05) reduced stain scores by 84%, 77%, 44% and 49% following 2 weeks of brushing. Importantly, the prototype whitening power toothbrush statistically significantly (P < 0.05) reduced stain scores by 88%, 65%, 59% and 57% following 2 weeks of brushing. In both the individual studies and a combined analysis involving all four studies, the adjusted mean changes between treatment groups did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups. In the combined analysis, a one-sided upper 95% confidence bound on the difference in stain reduction scores between the two toothbrushes (positive control minus prototype) was found to be 8.3% of the prototype toothbrush adjusted mean change. This supports that the prototype power toothbrush removed extrinsic stain at least as well as the positive control toothbrush across these four studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Tooth whitening effects of an experimental power whitening toothbrush relative to an 8.7% hydrogen peroxide paint-on gel control.

PURPOSE: To assess the whitening efficacy of a new whitening power toothbrush, designed specifically for the removal of extrinsic stains, relative to an 8.7% hydrogen peroxide paint-on gel control. METHODS: This study was a randomized, single center, two-treatment, parallel design, 4-week, controlled study (n = 27) conducted to measure the whitening ability of an experimental power toothbrush relative to a peroxide paint-on gel control used in conjunction with a manual toothbrush. Subjects were randomized to the experimental battery-powered toothbrush group (twice a day brushing with Crest Cavity Protection dentifrice for 2 minutes each time) or the peroxide paint-on gel control group who applied Colgate Simply White Night per manufacturer's instructions once a day prior to bedtime for the first 14 days of the study as well as brushed twice a day with Crest Cavity Protection dentifrice for 2 minutes using the ADA manual reference toothbrush over the 4-week study period. Study evaluations included objective digital image analysis (L* a* b*) and oral soft tissue examinations at baseline, Week 2 and Week 4. In addition, a pilot, single center, 1-week study (n = 9) was conducted to measure the absolute whitening ability of the experimental power toothbrush as measured by digital imaging analysis in a high stain population, induced by 1 week of rinsing with tea. Study evaluations included digital image analysis (L*a*b*) and oral soft tissue examinations at baseline and Week 1 following brushing with the experimental power toothbrush. RESULTS: In the comparative study, the average baseline L*, b*, and W* values were well-balanced across treatment groups. At the Week 2 visit, adjusted (via ANCOVA) mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)* and deltaW* values of 0.08, -0.41, -0.08, and -0.28, respectively, were observed in the peroxide paint-on control group, relative to adjusted mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)* and deltaW* values of 0.16, -0.19, -0.38, and -0.33, respectively, in the experimental power toothbrush group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two treatment groups for any of the endpoints. However, delta(b)* and deltaW* values for the experimental power toothbrush group were statistically significantly improved relative to baseline. At the Week 4 visit, adjusted (via ANCOVA) mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)* and deltaW* values of -0.15, -0.24, -0.14, and -0.04, respectively, were observed in the peroxide paint-on control group, relative to adjusted mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)* and deltaW* values of 0.02, -0.12, -0.22, and -0.15, respectively, in the experimental power toothbrush group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two treatments groups for any color endpoints of deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)*, or deltaW*. In the induced stain study, the average baseline L*, a*, b*, and W* values were 71.21, 8.28, 19.01, and 35.52, respectively. At the Week 1 visit, the mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)*, and deltaW* values were 0.55, -0.27, 0.00, and -0.51 respectively. The deltaL* and deltaW* were statistically significantly improved (P < 0.05) relative to baseline.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A chewing gum containing 7.5% sodium hexametaphosphate inhibits stain deposition compared with a placebo chewing gum.

The 2-period, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study compared the stain-prevention and stain-removal benefit of a chewing gum containing 7.5% sodium hexametaphosphate (measured by digital image analysis) with a placebo chewing gum. The results of this study support that sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from a chewing gum prevents dental stain formation and facilitates stain removal, which leads to a perceptible whitening benefit. The long-term clinical benefits of sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from chewing gum have not been reported in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Short-term impact of a national dental education program on children's oral health and knowledge.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this four-week, examiner-blind study was to determine the impact of an educational oral health program conducted within a Boys and Girls Club of America in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The educational program focused on the gingival health (gingivitis and plaque) of participating children who were between the ages of six and 15. METHODOLOGY: The multi-week program taught the participants the basics of oral biology and disease, as well as proper oral health prevention, including oral hygiene, dietary modification, and the importance of visiting the dentist. A calibrated examiner measured whole mouth Löe-Silness Gingival Index (GI) and Turesky Modification of Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (PI) at baseline (immediately prior to the initiation of the educational program) and four weeks later. The primary efficacy analysis was based on the change from baseline for 90 subjects who were enrolled at baseline, participated in the educational program, and were examined four weeks later. In addition, subjects completed five questions at baseline and at four weeks to assess their oral health knowledge before and after exposure. RESULTS: Mean baseline GI score was 0.184, while the four-week mean GI score was reduced to 0.140. This represents a 24% reduction in GI score, with p < 0.001. The mean baseline bleeding site score was 9.99, while the four-week mean bleeding score was reduced to 7.97. This represents a 20% reduction in bleeding sites, with p = 0.005. The mean baseline PI score was 3.06, while the four-week mean PI score was reduced to 2.97. This represents a 3% reduction in PI score with p = 0.044. The subject population was found to have statistically significantly (p < 0.001) greater knowledge following the program at week four, with 37% (33 of 90) and 69% (62 of 90) of subjects answering the questions correctly at baseline and week four, respectively. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these data support the role of an educational program in promoting improved oral health in these children over a four-week period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Initial impact of a national dental education program on the oral health and dental knowledge of children.

Oral health educational programs have been reported to have a variable impact on the oral health status of program participants. This paper reports the impact of an educational oral health program conducted within a single Boys & Girls Club of America. The objective of this 4-week examiner-blind study was to determine the impact of the educational program on the gingival health (gingivitis and plaque) of participating children who were between the ages of 5 and 15. The multi-week program taught the participants the basics of oral biology and disease, as well as proper oral health prevention including oral hygiene, dietary modification, and the importance of visiting the dentist. A calibrated examiner measured whole mouth Loe-Silness Gingival Index (GI) and Turesky Modification of Quigley-Hein Plaque index (PI) at baseline (immediately prior to the initiation of the educational program) and 4 weeks later. The primary efficacy analysis was based on change from baseline for 75 subjects who were enrolled at baseline, participated in the educational program, and were examined 4 weeks later. Mean baseline GI score was 0.37, while the 4 week mean GI score was reduced to 0.18. This represents a 51% reduction in GI score with p<0.001. Mean baseline PI score was 3.80, while the 4 week mean PI score was reduced to 2.68. This represents a 29% reduction in PI score with p<0.001. In addition, subjects completed a questionnaire (5 questions) at baseline and at 4 weeks to assess their oral health knowledge. The subject population was found to have statistically significantly (p<0.05) greater knowledge with respect to optimal brushing time and optimal frequency of dental recall visits following the program at week 4. Collectively, these data support the role of the educational program in promoting improved oral health in these children over a one month period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effect of three concentrations of sodium fluoride dentifrices on clinical caries.

PURPOSE: To assess whether the anti-caries effectiveness of three concentrations of fluoride dentifrice (placebo, 500 ppm F- and 1450 ppm F-) could be differentiated with small sample sizes in short time frames. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A controlled fluoride (F) dose-response study was conducted in concurrence with a supervised school oral hygiene regimen to assess whether dentifrices with increasing fluoride levels could be differentiated with small sample sizes in short time frames. The study was a randomized, double-blind study conducted for a period of 21 months. Subjects (N = 657 with approximately 219 per group) were randomized to placebo dentifrice, 500 ppm F- dentifrice or 1450 ppm F- dentifrice treatments for the first 9 months of the study. Subjects in the placebo group were then switched to either 500 ppm F- or 1450 ppm F- dentifrice for the remainder of the study, while subjects in the fluoride groups continued with their original treatment assignments. A calibrated examiner measured visual-tactile caries as DMFS that was supplemented with a radiographic examination at baseline, 9 months and 21 months for each subject. RESULTS: The mean caries increments at 9 months were 0.35 surfaces, 0.34 surfaces, and 1.28 surfaces for the 1450 ppm F-, 500 ppm F-, and placebo groups, respectively. The mean caries increments at 21 months were 0.21 surfaces, 0.26 surfaces, 1.75 surfaces and 1.90 surfaces for the 1450 ppm F-, 500 ppm F-, placebo/1450 ppm F-, and placebo/500 ppm F- groups, respectively. The 500 ppm F- and 1450 ppm F- fluoride dentifrices delivered statistically significantly (P< 0.05) lower DMFS scores than the placebo control dentifrice at 9 months, while at 21 months the 500 ppm F- and 1450 ppm F- fluoride dentifrices delivered statistically significantly lower DMFS scores as compared to the both the placebo/500 ppm F- and the placebo/1450 ppm F- dentifrice groups. There was no evidence of a dose response (1450 ppm F- < 500 ppm F-) at 9 months or at 21 months. In this study, the effectiveness of the two fluoride dentifrices was observed at 9 months and these outcomes were still present at 21 months, confirming that caries benefits can be observed in time frames as short as 9 months with approximately 200 subjects per treatment group.

Analysis of Variance↗