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Biomedical subjects

A W Ritchie

Publications and source records attributed to A W Ritchie.

53 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The effect of anaesthesia and surgery for benign disease of the upper urinary tract on circulating leucocyte subpopulations identified with monoclonal antibodies.

Circulating lymphocyte subpopulations were monitored, using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry, in six patients undergoing surgery for benign disease of the upper urinary tract. A significant decrease in the total number of circulating lymphocytes was observed. This could be attributed to a significant decrease of T cells of both major subsets--the so-called T "helper" (Th) and T "suppressor/cytotoxic" (Ts) subpopulations. When the results of the T cell subsets were expressed as a ration (leu-3a+/leu-2a+, T "helper/suppressor") no significant change was noted. In contrast neither B cells nor natural killer (NK) and antibody dependent killer (K) cells were significantly affected. This selective loss of T cells from the circulation may be relevant to post operative infection and should be considered in the course of immunological monitoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Lymphocyte subsets in renal carcinoma--a sequential study using monoclonal antibodies.

Using monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with flow cytometry, circulating lymphocyte subsets with distinct functions in the regulation of the immune response were enumerated in 32 patients with proven renal carcinoma. Analyses were performed at presentation and sequentially during the clinical course of the patients. Untreated patients with advanced disease had a deficit of T cells with the "helper/inducer" phenotype (Leu-3a+) and this resulted in abnormal T "helper/suppressor" (Leu-3a+/Leu-2a+) ratios. Following nephrectomy, performed in 26 patients, there was a significant increase in the number of T cells with the "helper/inducer" phenotype and a significant increase in T "H/S" ratios. Subsequent follow-up at a minimum of 2 months after nephrectomy showed that the increase in T cells with the "helper/inducer" phenotype was maintained (with the exception of 6 patients with disease progression) and was then accompanied by a significant increase of the T cell subset with the "suppressor/cytotoxic" phenotype (Leu-2a+). Pre-operative renal arterial embolisation resulted in an early transient lymphopenia. The response to embolisation combined with nephrectomy was little different when compared with nephrectomy alone. These observations represent a novel view of the immunosuppressive effects of renal carcinoma and their relation to anaemia and disease progression are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Is the incidence of renal carcinoma increasing?

An analysis of standardised incidence rates for renal parenchymal tumours over a 14-year period in Scotland demonstrated a significant increase in disease incidence for males but not females. Reasons are presented to support the contention that this increase is in part real.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Intra-epithelial lymphocytes in the normal epididymis. A mechanism for tolerance to sperm auto-antigens?

Using a monoclonal immunoperoxidase technique on frozen tissue sections of normal testis and epididymis, a distinctive distribution of lymphocytes has been identified. Almost all of the intra-epithelial lymphocytes were T cells and the majority of these belonged to the T8+ ("suppressor/cytotoxic") subset. The distribution contrasted with the predominance of the T4+ ("helper/inducer") subset in the interstitial tissues and in normal peripheral blood. The predominance of the "suppressor/cytotoxic" subset within the epithelium of the epididymis may exist in order to prevent the development of the immune response to auto-antigens on spermatozoa.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The preparation, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies to human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP).

Hybridoma cells secreting anti-PAP were produced by fusion of NS-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells from immunized Balb/c mice. Three of 32 hybrids secreted antibodies. Dilution cloning of the two hybrids producing the highest antibody titres showed that each antibody was monoclonal. One clone from each hybrid (clones ES2 and ES8) was selected for further study. The specificity of the antibodies appeared satisfactory, no inhibition of 125I-PAP binding to antibody being seen with extracts of bone, intestine, kidney, leucocytes, liver or lung. The association constants of the antibodies from ES2 and ES8 were 1.7 X 10(8) and 1.7 X 10(9) l/mol respectively, both were of the IgG1 class. For the immunoradiometric (IRMA) assay of serum PAP 125I-labelled monoclonal antibody was incubated with serum and the PAP-labelled antibody complex was separated by addition of solid-coupled polyclonal anti-PAP. The wide working range of the response curve (0.3-400 micrograms/l) and the rapid analysis time (4 h) offer practical advantages over RIA procedures. Clinical evaluation of the assay is in progress. ES8 antibody also appears to have good specificity for immunocytochemical applications. Localisation of micrometastases in bone in prostatic carcinoma was readily achieved.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

Right angle light scatter: a necessary parameter in flow cytofluorimetric analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

The techniques of flow cytometry are being increasingly used to classify lymphocytes according to their surface antigens. Accurate analyses depend on the exclusion of non-lymphocytic contaminant cells. Using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS IV), virtually complete separation of human lymphocytes from monocytes and granulocytes can be achieved by means of wide-angle (90 degrees) light scatter. The technique described is simple and suitable for routine use. Used in conjunction with fluorescein-labelled monoclonal antibodies and logarithmic amplification of the fluorescence signals, it improves the accuracy of lymphocyte subset analysis. Its use is particularly necessary in the study of subjects such as renal allograft recipients, who have a high or variable contaminant cell:lymphocyte ratio.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1983

Circadian variation of lymphocyte subpopulations: a study with monoclonal antibodies.

Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify subpopulations of circulating lymphocytes in healthy adults showed pronounced circadian variations in total T cells, the two major T cell subsets, and HLA-DR+ lymphocytes. When the results for the T cell subsets were expressed as a ratio (helper:suppressor) no significant rhythmic variation was observed. Lymphocytes bearing a surface antigen identified by the HNK-1 antibody (a population containing the natural killer and antibody dependent killer activity) did not show significant rhythmic variation. There was an inverse relation between plasma cortisol concentration and numbers of T and B cells. These observations have therapeutic implications and should be considered in the course of immunological monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Management of renal carcinoma--a questionnaire survey.

Questionnaires on the management of renal carcinoma were returned by 134 British urologists. Analysis revealed that ultrasound is used, as a routine investigation, by 93% of the respondents, whereas abdominal CT scanning is used routinely by only 16%. Renal arterial embolisation is used by 60% of respondents; a further 12% indicated that, having tried the technique, they had given it up. Of 81 surgeons using embolisation, 44% were hopeful that it offered systemic benefit to the patient and 54% delay nephrectomy after embolisation. Regression of metastases following treatment was reported by 58 surgeons. Details of metastatic regression in 60 patients revealed that pulmonary metastases were involved in 83%. Embolisation featured in the management of only 11 such patients.

Embolization, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1983

The distribution and possible significance of cells identified in human lymphoid tissue by the monoclonal antibody HNK-1.

The monoclonal antibody HNK-1 identifies a subpopulation of lymphocytes containing almost all of the natural killer (NK) and antibody-dependent killer (K) cell activity. Using an immunoperoxidase technique on frozen tissue sections of human spleen, tonsil and lymph node we have demonstrated that cells identified by this antibody are almost exclusively confined to germinal centres. Comparison with the distribution of B cells, T cells and T cell subsets underlines the distinctive distribution of these cells for which a physiological role in the maturation of antibody affinity during immune responses is suggested.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1983

The natural history of renal carcinoma.

In summary, some evidence indicating an increase in incidence of renal parenchymal malignancy has been presented. The nature of renal adenoma and its relationship to renal carcinoma remain uncertain, but it is possible that improved computerized tomography will allow in vivo identification of these lesions and initiate a long-term study to provide some clear data on their natural history. The heterogeneity of clinical presentation of this disease has been reviewed and the paraneoplastic syndromes and their importance summarized. Careful clinical and postmortem studies of disease spread, especially lymphatic spread, have been shown to provide useful information to the debate on the role of lymphadenectomy. Many of the unusual aspects of the natural history have been interpreted in terms of the hosts immune response and some data on the complexity and specificity of the host tumor interaction presented. In conclusion, an understanding of the natural history of renal carcinoma forms an important background on which to base clinical management and identifies areas worthy of further investigation in this curious tumor.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1979

Tuberculous osteitis of the talus.

A case of tuberculous osteitis of the talus in a 6-year-old white male is reported. Osteitis of the talus is uncommon and tuberculous disease of this bone is now rare. There was a delay of 5 weeks between presentation and final diagnosis and the reasons for this delay are discussed. Further investigation showed the presence of tuberculosis of the fifth lumbar vertebra and of the left kidney. With prompt chemotherapy and early surgery, the long term results of this once crippling disease are now excellent.

Child↗