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Biomedical subjects

A W Goode

Publications and source records attributed to A W Goode.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Oestrogen and progesterone receptor distribution in the cancerous breast.

To test the hypothesis that steroid hormone receptor expression is particularly pronounced in breast tumours when compared with non-neoplastic tissue, mastectomy samples were divided into 16 sectors. Multifocal tumours, of varying receptor phenotype were found in 4 patients and in addition different regions of large tumours also showed varying receptor contents. Remaining samples were found to consist of normal tissue, with fat, connective tissue and some benign breast disease. In the 9 patients with oestrogen receptor positive tumours (ER), ER content was invariably much greater in the tumours than in the remainder of the breast. Progesterone receptor (PR) content was not closely related to ER, and was lowest in the poorly differentiated tumours. This relation to differentiation was not seen in ER. The data support the view that ER concentration in ER positive tumours may reflect the transformed nature of neoplastic tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The effect of weight loss, operation and parenteral nutrition on fat clearance in patients with colorectal cancer.

1. Fractional fat clearance rate (K2) in 21 patients with colorectal cancer was studied using the intravenous fat tolerance test. 2. K2 showed a negative correlation with weight change (r = -0.736, P less than 0.001) with the tumour in situ. 3. Fourteen patients were retested 12 weeks after curative resection of their tumours. Eight of the fourteen patients had raised K2 values pre-operatively; in all these the K2 values were reduced post-operatively (pre-operative median 3.94%/min, range 2.63-7.20%/min, post-operative median 2.31%/min, range 1.57-5.36%/min, P less than 0.01 by Wilcoxon's signed rank test). A high pre-operative K2 value was associated with a large reduction in K2 post-operatively (r = -0.844, P less than 0.001). 4. Seven patients with relatively high K2 values received a pre-operative course of intravenous nutrition after which K2 values were significantly reduced (pre-feeding median 7.20%/min, range 4.72-12.12%/min, post-feeding median 4.44%/min, range 2.17-6.83%/min, P less than 0.05).

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Measurement and prediction of progress in delayed wound healing.

Thirty chronic leg ulcers have been studied under controlled conditions until complete healing occurred. Measurement was performed weekly using a computer-linked stereocamera which is capable of measuring skin defects noninvasively with errors of less than 2%. There was a significant difference in healing rate for the first two weeks between clean ulcers entering the trial directly and ulcers admitted first for cleansing before joining the trial. The difference suggests that the weekly healing rate of an ulcer may take up to 2 weeks to respond to a new form of treatment. Absolute ulcer size, change in ulcer size and rate of epithelial migration did not correlate well with time to complete healing, but percentage change in area in the third week was found to be the parameter which gave the earliest close correlation with time to complete healing. Using this parameter, on the data available it was found that time to complete healing could be predicted to within one week for 50% of the ulcers, making this a simple and useful early predictor of treatment efficiency.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Parenteral nutrition via peripheral veins: a feasibility study.

Twenty patients who had undergone uncomplicated surgery of moderate severity were randomly allocated to two groups (both n = 10) who were fed using a peripheral vein for up to six days. Group I received, each day, a nutrient solution providing 10 grams of nitrogen as Perifusin (E Merck Ltd) and 1400 calories as dextrose and Intralipid (Kabivitrum Ltd) with an osmolality of 490 mosmol/kg. Group II received only 15 grams of nitrogen per day as Perifusin with an osmolality of 376 mosmol/kg. The mean (+/- s.e. mean) nitrogen balance over the study was similar in both groups, in Group I being -1.23 +/- 0.89, and in Group II being -1.05 +/- 1.08 g (P greater than 0.05 Mann-Whitney U test). The nutrient mixture given to Group I resulted in elevated levels of serum 3-hydroxybutyrate and lower levels of serum non-esterified fatty acids. These data suggest that lipolysis and ketogenesis were suppressed. There was no significant difference in serum lactate levels in either group. Venous thrombophlebitis at the infusion site was assessed daily using Maddox's criteria, with a minimal degree of inflammation occurring in either group. This preliminary study suggests that a total parenteral feeding regimen may be designed for peripheral vein infusion. Further studies are indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Intracellular metabolites in rat muscle following trauma: a 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study.

Hind limb skeletal muscle was studied in vivo in a rat trauma model using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The model used was a 25% body surface area, full-thickness burn administered under anaesthesia. Two groups of six rats were studied. Weight loss was observed in the experimental group whilst the control group continued to gain weight. Concentration ratios involving intramyocellular phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine (Cr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), inorganic phosphate (Pi), anserine (Ans) and taurine (Tau) were measured. No change in the ratios of PCr/Pi, PCr/ATP, Ans/PCr + Cr and Tau/PCr + Cr were seen between the two groups. Intracellular pH was the same in the two groups. NMR spectroscopy in vivo gives values of Pi and PCr that differ from those obtained by conventional techniques. NMR values are probably more accurate as no degradation occurs during measurement, the measurements being repeatable and noninvasive.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1987

The beta-2 microglobulin urine-to-serum ratio: an early marker of renal dysfunction in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Human beta-2 microglobulin (beta-2 M) is released into body fluids as a result of cell turnover, excreted by the kidney, and catabolized in the proximal tubule. Urinary excretion rates constitute a sensitive index of renal tubular function. The beta-2 M urine-to-serum ratio was measured in 25 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (15 preoperative and 10 treated conservatively) in addition to 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects. The ratio was found to be significantly higher in both the operative and the conservatively managed groups compared to controls (p less than 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). After surgical excision of a single parathyroid adenoma in the 15 operative cases, the beta-2 M urine-to-serum ratio fell to normal limits. These preliminary findings indicate that the urine-to-serum beta-2 M ratio may be of value in detecting change in renal function in asymptomatic patients with hyperparathyroidism. Further studies are indicated to establish whether these subtle changes are associated with long-term morbidity.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Effects of surgical stress on the response of hepatic carnitine metabolism to 48 h starvation in the rat.

Rats subjected to laparotomy and handling of the liver were starved for 48 h, starting either immediately after surgery or 48 h later. Surgery enhanced the rise in plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations after starvation without affecting the responses of blood or liver ketone bodies. Thus in surgically stressed rats, blood and liver ketone body concentrations were inappropriately low for the blood fatty acid concentrations. In the control rats, starvation increased hepatic carnitine concentrations, mainly through increases in short-chain acylcarnitine. Surgical stress decreased or abolished these increases. This may possibly contribute to the blunted ketonaemic response observed after surgery.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1986

Blood carnitine concentrations are increased after surgical stress.

Elevated plasma carnitine concentrations are demonstrated in surgically stressed and partially hepatectomized rats. The response to surgical stress was observed only when the rats were fed, suggesting that exogenous sources of carnitine may be required for maintaining tissue carnitine concentrations during stress. The results are discussed with respect to the changes in fatty acid metabolism which are associated with these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Stereophotogrammetry for measuring rates of cutaneous healing: a comparison with conventional techniques.

A portable stereocamera linked to a computer has been developed capable of taking photographs in the clinical situation. The accuracy and precision of this system has been measured and compared with direct tracing and simple photography, the two systems currently in use for this type of work. It was found to have a precision of better than 2% and to be accurate to within 1% for edge length and area in models of chronic leg ulcers whose dimensions were known exactly. These results are between five and ten times better than direct tracing and simple photography measured under similar circumstances. When used on patients' ulcers, stereophotogrammetry was found to have a precision of 2% for edge length and 3.4% for area, again between five and ten times more accurate than the other two systems. The accuracy with which an epithelial edge can be identified with the naked eye, a possible limiting factor in any visual measuring system, was measured on fixed preparations of healing wounds on pigs. The mean error was found to be 240 micron with a confidence limit of 440 micron. Finally, the rate of healing of chronic leg ulcers was measured in a clinical trial on patients. Only stereophotogrammetry had errors consistently smaller than the changes being measured in the clinical trial, making it the only system which can validly be used to study rates of healing in this model. It is also able to measure volume to within 5% and is unique in being able to do this noninvasively.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1986

Plasma arginine in cancer of the gastrointestinal tract: effect of surgical treatment.

The concentration of 21 amino acids was measured in the venous plasma of 41 patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract who had lost weight, 12 patients who had lost a similar amount of weight from non-malignant, non-septic conditions (benign weight loss), 12 patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract who had not lost weight and 21 control patients. Sixteen patients with localised tumours were restudied eight and 12 weeks after successful removal of the primary growth. Six patients with pyloric stenosis (benign weight loss) were similarly studied for comparison after corrective surgery. The concentration of the amino acid arginine was significantly greater in patients with cancer both with weight loss (71.2 +/- 4.1 mumol/l mean +/- SEM) and without weight loss (66.8 +/- 4.1 mumol/l) when compared both with patients with benign weight loss (34.6 +/- 3.2 mumol/l) and with control patients (48.2 +/- 3.5 mumol/l) (p less than 0.05). In patients with cancer subjected to surgery the concentration of arginine (76.4 +/- 7.5 mumol/l) fell to normal levels eight weeks after operation and remained normal 12 weeks after surgery (48.6 +/- 4.4 mumol/l) (p less than 0.05). This was in contrast with the rise in plasma arginine in patients with pyloric stenosis after surgery, suggesting that the raised level of arginine was due to the presence of the primary tumour.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1986

Changes in biliary lipid concentrations in bile duct obstruction: an experimental study.

Changes in biliary concentrations of bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol and biliary pressures were measured in dogs. These parameters were studied during 7-day periods of partial biliary obstruction, of varying degrees, and after 24-hour and 48-hour periods of complete obstruction. The sample were obtained via an exteriorized but intact enterohepatic circulation allowing the introduction of varying degrees of obstruction and bile sampling. Biliary obstruction reduced the concentration of all biliary lipids especially when the obstruction produced pressures in excess of 75% of the maximum biliary secretion pressure. Only immediately after the release of a 48-hour period of complete obstruction did the risk of cholesterol supersaturation of bile occur. However, at that time there was a greatly reduced concentration of lipids in the bile and the amount of cholesterol that could potentially have precipitated was very small. It is suggested that this supersaturation would not play a significant role in the formation of gallstones.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ischaemia and tissue pyruvate dehydrogenase activities in the rat: a comparison of the effects of cervical dislocation and pentobarbital anaesthesia.

The work defined the relationship between [long-chain acylcarnitine] and PDHa activities in hearts, kidneys and livers of rats sampled after cervical dislocation or pentobarbital anaesthesia. Although tissue [long-chain acylcarnitine] correlated with fatty acid availability or its mitochondrial oxidation in anaesthetized rats, this was not the case for hearts or kidneys of rats sampled after cervical dislocation. Cardiac [long-chain acylcarnitine] and PDHa activities were higher in rats killed by cervical dislocation. Metabolite changes within the hearts were consistent with tissue hypoxia and the effects of cervical dislocation were mimicked in hearts of pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats by 20s ischaemia. Renal and hepatic PDHa activities were unaffected by this short period of ischaemia. The susceptibility of cardiac PDHa to hypoxia or ischaemia may explain the variability in activities often observed within or between laboratories.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1985

Liver carnitine metabolism after partial hepatectomy in the rat. Effects of nutritional status and inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase.

This study examined the effects of partial hepatectomy on hepatic carnitine and acylcarnitine concentrations in fed or 24 h-starved partially hepatectomized (PH) or sham-operated (SO) rats at 1 or 4 days after surgery. The ratio of free to esterified carnitine was low in fed PH rats at day 1: the low ratio was increased to the SO value when mitochondrial fat oxidation was inhibited by 2-tetradecylglycidate. Starvation (24 h) increased plasma [non-esterified fatty acid] in PH or SO rats, the increases being greater at day 1 than at day 4. Hepatic [long-chain acylcarnitine] were also increased. These latter increases were a consequence of increased mitochondrial fat oxidation since they were not observed in PH or SO rats treated with 2-tetradecylglycidate. Whereas the starvation-induced increase in long-chain acylcarnitine was associated with increased [ketone body] in livers of SO rats at both day 1 and day 4 after surgery, [ketone body] was inappropriately low for the steady-state long-chain [acylcarnitine] in livers of PH rats at the first post-operative day. This was not a consequence of a decrease in [total carnitine] in the liver. The results are discussed with reference to the role of the liver in determining the relative proportions of the fat fuels available for extrahepatic tissues and the effects of liver cell proliferation on hepatic triacylglycerol metabolism.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1985

Control of tissue carnitine contents: effects of partial hepatectomy and liver regeneration on carnitine concentrations in liver and extrahepatic tissues of the rat.

The liver is the sole site of carnitine biosynthesis in the rat. However, the first 24 h after the surgical removal of two-thirds of the liver mass are not associated with depletion of carnitine either in the liver remnant or in a number of extrahepatic tissues with relatively short turnover times of carnitine (less than 24 h; heart, spleen, kidney). Dietary carnitine was not supplied. The results suggest that the capacity of the remnant liver for carnitine biosynthesis is sufficient to maintain tissue carnitine contents. Liver regeneration influenced the relative proportions of hepatic free and acylated carnitines in a manner compatible with changes in fat disposition in the proliferating tissue.

Animals↗