An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to thyroglobulin.
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Antibodies↗
Biomedical subjects
A Voller
Publications and source records attributed to A Voller.
A longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the West African savannah using the ELISA technique.
Malarial antibody levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two West African populations, one exposed to intense malaria transmission and the other protected. The results reflected the transmission of maternal antibody and, in the unprotected population, the subsequent increase of the ELISA values with age reflected the development of the immune response to malaria. Malaria control activities reduced ELISA values in the protected population. The limitations of the ELISA test used in this study are shown by the fact that numerous infants with previous proven parasitaemia were ELISA-negative. Purified antigens are needed to improve the ELISA test for use in serological surveys of malaria.
Adolescent↗
Elevated titer of antibodies to Simian sarcoma virus envelope antigen (gp70) and normal response to influenza virus in untreated Danish Hodgkin's patients.
Untreated Danish Hodgkin's disease (HD) patients and paired age- and sex-matched controls were tested for serum antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), six strains of influenza virus and Simian sarcoma virus/Simian sarcoma-associated virus [SSV(SSAV)] antigens. HD sera showed significantly elevated titers against EBV and both increased incidence and mean titer of antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein of SSV(SSAV), whereas testing against the influenza viruses revealed no differences between HD and controls. A focus reduction assay demonstrated a low incidence in HD and controls of sera with neutralizing effects against SSV(SSAV) and the "baboon" C-type virus component of the human HL-23 virus complex, which seemed coupled to HL-A type W19.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Toxocariasis: serological diagnosis by enzyme immunoassay.
An enzyme-immunoassay was developed to measure the concentration of serum antibody specific for the secretory antigens released by migrating toxocaral larvae. This technique was evaluated by testing sera from healthy UK adults, and from patients with and without toxocariasis. In 922 healthy adults, 2.6% were found to have elevated specific antibody levels. Elevated values were observed twice as frequently in males as in females but showed no significant regression with age between 20 and 65 years. Of 62 patients with non-toxocaral helminthic infections, all had antitoxocaral antibody levels within the range of values observed in healthy controls and had a mean level which was not significantly elevated. All of 13 patients with clinical toxocariasis had enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody levels above the 100th percentiles of both the healthy population and the helminth-infected group and had a significantly high mean value (p less than 0.001) more than 12 times that of the healthy or infected controls. The high degree of sensitivity and specificity of the toxocariasis enzyme-immunoassay indicates that this new test should be useful in reference immunodiagnostic applications and in large-scale seroepidemiological surveys.
Antibodies↗
A comparison of three tests for rubella antibody screening.
Sera from 1000 women attending antenatal clinics were screened for the presence of rubella antibody by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial haemolysis (SRH), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With 925 sera concordant results were obtained with all three tests. There were 46 false-negative HI tests due to the necessity of allowing for residual non-specific inhibitors. With SRH there was one false positive and three that were negative by SRH but HI- and ELISA-positive. By ELISA 14 sera gave a false-positive result (OD 405 nm greater than or equal to 0.2). Ten of these could be eliminated by taking an OD 405 nm of 0.5 as the threshold but then another 10 sera became false negatives.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Nor-MDP, saponin, corynebacteria, and pertussis organisms as immunological adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccination of macaques.
Vaccination of primates against malaria using antigen derived from erythrocytic parasite stages has been most successful where Freund's complete adjuvant has been employed. Since this adjuvant is clinically unacceptable its replacement is a matter of urgency.In the present work a muramyldipeptide derivative (nor-MDP) given in mineral oil has proved to be partially effective as an adjuvant for merozoite vaccination of Macaca mulatta against Plasmodium knowlesi, and saponin has proved to be effective in similar vaccination of M. fascicularis.
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
Standardization of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for malaria.
Methods are described whereby results of malarial immunofluorescence tests can be evaluated objectively. The IFA test was quantitated by standardizing the physical system against a fluorescent standard and preparation of biological standards of malarial antisera and fluorescein labelled conjugates. Using these known standards the reactivity of antigens was characterized. It was found that antigen preparations are best when they include mature schizonts, and keep best when they are stored in a dry condition at or below -20 degree C. However, even under carefully controlled conditions of storage, antigens showed considerable variation of reactivity between individual batches.
Antigens↗
Detection and measurement of species-specific malarial antibodies by immunofluorescence tests.
Species-specific serodiagnosis of malaria could be made by means of the standardized indirect fluorescent antibody test, either by determination of the usual end-point titres or by fluorescent intensity measurements on antigens. The malarial antibody levels could also be measured by the fluorescent intensity measurements at a single serum dilution. Thus the fluorescent intensity measurements could effectively replace the end point titre determination, with the advantages of standardization and saving in technician time.
Adolescent↗
Studies on the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for Schistosoma mansoni infections.
Extensive studies of the use of the ELISA test for the detection of antibodies in Schistosoma mansoni infections are described. A method has been evolved for the determination of the optimum value for the reference serum endpoint. In chimpanzees infected with S. mansoni a crude egg antigen detected antibodies earlier in the infection than did a worm antigen and was generally more reactive. The ELISA test, using the egg antigen, has been applied to sera from populations infected with S. mansoni, with other human schistosomes, or with helminth infections other than schistosomiasis. The ELISA test was as sensitive as the IFAT and CFT, but more specific. However, many cross-reactions occurred in infections with other human (and with animal) schistosomes, although to a lesser extent with other helminths. In surveys in the Sudan the use of blood collected on absorbent paper was only slightly less sensitive for the detection of antibodies than sera, and this technique showed that the prevalence of infection was higher than that measured by stool examination alone. Possible future developments are discussed with a view to improving sensitivity and specificity both for clinical and epidemiological work.
Age Factors↗
Enzyme immunoassays with special reference to ELISA techniques.
In this review outlines are given on various types of enzyme immunoassay. The applications to such enzyme immunoassays, especially ELISA, are dealth with in detail. It is concluded that these techniques have high sensitivity and will be suitable in due course as routine laboratory tests.
Antibodies↗
Serum immunoglobulin concentrations in human S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections in the Sudan, with special reference to the effect of chemotherapy.
The serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were studied in 111 selected Sudanese patients with S. mansoni infections and 48 with S. haematobium infections before and 6 weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone; 52 local individuals were studied as controls. Both IgG and IgM were found to be significantly raised in S. mansoni patients compared with controls, while only IgG was significantly raised in patients with S. haematobium infection. S. mansoni patients with the hepatosplenic and splenic forms had higher IgG and IgM levels than those with the intestinal and hepatic forms. No relationship could be established between the levels of immunoglobulins and parasite loads. A rise in IgG was noted in 60% of patients with S. mansoni infection 6 weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone whereas IgM decreased.
Adolescent↗
Detection of antibodies by enzyme-immunoassay in human schistosoma mansoni infections: a clinical and chemotherapeutic study.
Sera from patients with S. mansoni infections, before and six weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone, were examined for antibodies reacting with S. mansoni adult worm antigen, employing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. 50 local individuals who had no schistosomiasis and 48 patients with S. haematobium infection were studied for comparison. All sera from untreated patients gave positive results. Significantly higher levels of antibody were given by sera from patients with visceral enlargement than by those from patients without visceral enlargement. A rise in antibody levels was seen in 87% of treated patients and the post treatment values of antibody were significantly higher than those obtained before treatment (p less than 0.001). 94% of sera from patients with S. haematobium infection gave a cross-reaction but with a significantly lower antibody values than for the homologous infection. A weakly positive reaction was obtained in 16% of controls and the actual values of antibody were much lower in this group than in the S. mansoni and S. haematobium groups.
Adult↗
Diagnosis of invasive candidosis by enzyme immunoassay of serum antigen.
Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure Candida albicans-related antigen in sera of rabbits and mice infected with C albicans. A range of heterologous antigens tested gave no cross reactions. Of the three patients who were investigated and gave positive reactions, two were confirmed as having deep candida infections. Enzyme immunoassay is efficient, simple, and sensitive, and may prove valuable in the early diagnosis of invasive candida infections.
Adult↗
A comparison of isotopic and enzyme-immunoassays for tropical parasitic diseases.
A comparison is made of enzyme-immunoassay and radio-immunoassay for the detection of antibody in Chagas's disease, sleeping sickness, malaria, schistosomiasis ans invasive amoebiasis. Both assays were sensitive and reproductible and gave comparable results.
Amebiasis↗
Malarial antibodies in tropical splenomegaly syndrome in Papua New Guinea.
Levels of species and class-specific malarial antibody were studied in 249 New Guineans with tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and in 87 control subjects living in the same area. Titres of IgG and IgM antibody to Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae were estimated by indirect immunofluorescence. Both Ig and IgM antibody levels were higher in subjects with TSS than in controls; IgM titres were highest in those with the greatest splenic enlargement. Responses to all three species were comparable. It is concluded that there is no evidence from this study to incriminate any one species of malaria parasite in the production of tropical splenomegaly syndrome.
Adolescent↗
Enzyme immunoassays for viral diseases.
Microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for viral diseases were investigated with special reference to rubella. Standardization of the carrier plates, antigens, conjugates, and substrate was found to be essential. The ELISA results were compared with results of hemagglutination-inhibition tests for rubella, and ELISA was used in an epidemiologic study. Antibodies to cytomegalovirus, measles, adenovirus, coxsackieviruses, and herpesviruses were also assayed by ELISA. ELISA has veterinary applications in detection of respiratory syncytial virus and Newcastle disease virus, and it has been used for assay of plant viruses.
Antibodies, Viral↗
IgM and antibody measurement in the diagnosis and management of Gambian trypanosomiasis.
Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgM were measured in 182 patients at various stages of Gambian sleeping sickness and correlated with antibody levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each of these tests in serum gave a 30% false negative result, but when both were used this fell to 12%. Measurements of IgM in CSF were raised in 87% of patients with advanced disease and in none of the early cases. The IgM levels fell slowly to normal by 12 months after treatment. A high level at this time, or a rise after treatment, was helpful in diagnosing relapsed patients. Antibody levels in CSF were of no use in diagnosis or prognosis, and were raised in many controls.
Antibodies↗
Serological methods in the diagnosis of Chagas' disease.
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Chagas Disease↗