Biomedical subjects

A Tanaka

Publications and source records attributed to A Tanaka.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Structure-affinity relationships of C-terminal cyclic analogue of neuropeptide Y for the Y1-receptor.

We previously reported that a cyclic octapeptide amide, c[D-Cys29, Cys-34]NPY Ac-29-36 (YM-42454) showed a high affinity for Y1-receptors in SK-N-MC cells (Ki=0.047,microM) but not for Y2-receptors in the porcine hippocampus membranes (Ki>10microM). To explore the critical residues of this unique cyclic peptide for Y1-binding activity, the structure-affinity relationships were investigated by means of amino acid replacement. The results indicated that the hydrophobic side-chains of Leu30 and Ile31, the guanidinium groups of Arg33 and Arg33, and the C-terminal amide are critical for the binding affinity of YM-42454 to the Y1-receptor. On the other hand, Thr32 in YM-42454 might not be critical for the Y1-binding affinity. 1H-NMR studies for YM-42454 and its derivatives have suggested that the critical residues are involved in the direct interaction with a Y1-receptor rather than in maintaining the bioactive conformation.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Nonpeptide arginine vasopressin antagonists for both V1A and V2 receptors: synthesis and pharmacological properties of 4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzoazepine-6-carbonyl)benzanili de derivatives and 4'-(5,6-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-d][1]benzoazepine-6-carbonyl)benzanilid e derivatives.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has a dual action mainly in the periphery, i.e., vasoconstriction and water reabsorption via V1A and V2 receptors; it may play a role in a number of diseases, including congestive heart failure (CHF), hypertension, renal disease, edema, and hyponatremia. We have attempted to develop a new series of orally active AVP antagonists for both V1A and V2 receptors based on the hypothesis that the blockade of both V1A and V2 receptors might be beneficial to CHF patients. In this report, a series of compounds structurally related to 4'-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzoazepine-6- carbonyl)benzanilide and 4'-(5,6-dihydro-4H- thiazolo[5,4-d][1]benzoazepine-6-carbonyl)benzanilide were synthesized and examined for AVP antagonist activity for both V1A and V2 receptors. As a result, it was found that the 4'-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzoazepine-6-carbon yl)-2- phenylbenzanilide derivatives showed potent binding affinity for both V1A and V2 receptors. Especially, 4'-(2-methyl-1,4,5,6- tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzoazepine-6-carbonyl)-2-phe nylbenzanilide monohydrochloride (18, YM087 = conivaptan hydrochloride) exhibited potent binding affinity and AVP antagonist activity, after intravenous administration, for both V1A and V2 receptors. Furthermore, YM087 exhibited the most potent oral activity for the V2 receptor. Details of the synthesis and pharmacological properties of this series are presented.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2000

Synthesis, conformation, and chemical properties of new mini parallel double-stranded peptides conjugated with -Phe-Phe- and -Phe-Phe-X-sequences.

To investigate the chemical conformations and functions of the -Phe-Phe-Val- or -Phe-Phe- sequences contained in the Alzheimer's disease related beta-amyloid peptide, a series of mini parallel double-stranded peptides conjugated with two peptide residues to one spacer were designed and prepared. The structure of the compounds was elucidated by circular dichroism (CD) spectrum and NMR two dimensional (2D) nuclear Overhauser enhancement and exchange spectroscopy (NOESY) measurments. The structure of 1,2-ethano-bis(L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Leu), 1,12-dodecano-bis(L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Leu), 1,12-dodecano-bis(L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Val), and 1,12-dodecano (D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu) conjugated with L-Leu and L-Val residues show a beta-turn-like nucleation. The dihedral angles (theta = +75 degrees, omega = +180 degrees, phi = +90 degrees, phi = -87 degrees, psi = +180 degrees) obtained from experimental coupling constant (J) data, etc. support that 1,12-dodecano-bis(L-Phe-L-Phe) adopts beta-turn mimic nucleation. The 1,12-dodecano- bis(L-Leu-L-Leu-L-Phe), 1,12-dodecano-bis(L-lle-L-Phe-L-Leu), and 1,12-dodecano-bis(L-Phe-L-Val-L-Leu), etc. adopt most probably a random structure by CD studies. It was found by titration spectrum that an inclusion complex of 1:1 ratio (association constant; azobenzene (guest, Ka=1.0 x 10(4)M-1) is formed between 1,12-dodecano-bis(L.-Phe-L-Phe-L-Leu) and [L0]=1.758 x 10(-5)M-1). Moreover, the stability of the complexes was increased in order of 1,12-dodecano-bis(L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Leu) x azobenzene> 1,12-dodecano-bis(L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Val) x azobenzene> 1,12-dodecano-bis(L-Phe-L-Val-L-Leu) azobenzene. The data show that X-Phe-L-Phe-L-spacer(S)-L-Phe-L-Phe-X (X=amino acids; S = 1,2-ethano- and 1,12-dodecano-) plays an important role as a binding site of the artificial receptor. The hydrophobic interaction of the four Phes in the two strands is a very interesting issue in the physiological action of proteins as well as the conformation of the backbone of X-L-Phe-L-Phe-spacer(S)-iL-Phe-l.-Phe-X.

Amyloid beta-Peptides↗

PubMed2000

[Application of radionuclides in pharmaceutical fields].

Application studies of radionuclides in pharmaceutical fields are described concerning two major categories, such as the use of gamma-emitter in nuclear medicine and beta-emitter in tracer investigation. In the former radionuclide an effort has been made to develop radioactive new diagnostic agents in the nephro-urology field. Of several agents examined two new radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-malic acid and 99mTc-dimercaptopropionic acid proved to be sufficient for renal imaging with adequate concentration in experimental animals and humans. Useful information was obtained for diagnosis of renal diseases using both the labeled agents. Identification and purity tests of radiopharmaceuticals also set forth for official compendia such as the Japanese pharmacopoeia and so on. In the latter one the fates of two medicines, thalidomide and norphenylephrine, were studied and the safety evaluation of some xenobiotics including food additives, plasticizers and domestic chemical products, etc. was carried out in animals using synthesized 14C- or 3H-labeled compounds. In addition, the metabolism of n-propyl-N-nitrosourea, a carcinogen, in rats, and chemical modification of high molecular substances such as DNA, RNA and proteins by 1,1'-ethylene-bis(1-nitrosourea) (EBNU), a carcinostatic agent, were studied in vitro by the use of the tracer technique.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

DNA repair effect of traditional sweet pepper Fushimi-togarashi: seen in suppression of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer in human fibroblast.

The aqueous fraction of Fushimi sweet pepper increased the repair effect of the solvent control against UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in human fibroblast to 150%, but ordinary sweet pepper did not have a statistically significant effect. When Fushimi sweet pepper was boiled, the activity of the aqueous fraction was elevated to 209% of the control (p<0.05), while that of the grilled state was decreased to 125% of the control. The repair activity of a dialyzate (MW<12,000) of the aqueous fraction from Fushimi sweet pepper showed 191% of the control (p<0.05). The dialyzate was contained 1.9% in the weight of the fresh fruit body of Fushimi sweet pepper, and the activity can be stable in its boiling state, and it might be therefore considered to be the worthy source for expecting the DNA repair activity in human diet.

Antimutagenic Agents↗

PubMed2000

Onset of spermatogenesis is accelerated by gestational administration of 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachlorinated naphthalene in male rat offspring.

We treated pregnant rats with 1 microg/kg body weight/day 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachlorinated naphthalene (1,2,3,4,6,7-HxCN) on days 14-16 of gestation and examined the effects on the reproductive systems of their male offspring at various phases of sexual maturation. Sperm count in the cauda epididymidis did not change in 1,2,3,4,6, 7-HxCN-treated rats on postnatal day 89, the age of sexual maturity, but the sperm count in the cauda epididymidis did increase to approximately 180% of the control value on postnatal day 62. In addition, homogenization-resistant testicular spermatids increased to approximately 160% of the control value on postnatal day 48, and the percent of postmeiotic tubules increased to approximately 190% of the control value on postnatal day 31 in this group. These results indicate that the onset of spermatogenesis was accelerated in the 1,2,3,4,6,7-HxCN rats. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) had already reached the maximum level on postnatal day 31 in the 1,2,3,4,6, 7-HxCN group, suggesting that the onset of LH and FSH secretions from the pituitary gland was also accelerated and that this endocrine disruption was the cause of early onset of spermatogenesis in this group. In the fat of 1,2,3,4,6,7-HxCN-treated dams, 5.75+/-2.81 ppb 1,2,3,4,6,7-HxCN was detected when offspring were weaned. This concentration was 5-10 times higher than that found in human adipose tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2000

Effect of ejaculation intervals on semen quality in cats.

The relationship between ejaculation intervals and semen quality in 4 male cats aged 3-5 years was investigated in this study. Semen was collected 10 times at intervals of every day, every other day, and every three days using an artificial vagina. Semen was collected consecutively twice on the day of semen collection, and the semen quality was examined. In semen collected every day, the number of sperm in the first collection decreased, and the frequency of immature sperm rapidly increased after the 4th day. In semen collected every other day and every three days, although the semen volume markedly varied among the animals on both first and second collections, the volume remained stable for each animal, the number of sperm was similar in the first and second collections, but was clearly larger in the first collection (p<0.01). Sperm motility and abnormality were stable among the various intervals and between the first and second collections in each animal.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Artificial intravaginal insemination using fresh semen in cats.

To clarify the sperm count required for fertilization by artificial intravaginal insemination (AIVI), twenty-nine female cats were examined. Six male cats aged 2-12 years with normal semen quality, copulation capability, and fertility were used. In AIVI, animals received administration of 250 iu hCG once or 100 iu twice on days 2-4 of estrus to induce ovulation, and were inseminated 15, 20, or 30 hr after the initial hCG administration. The success of ovulation was judged by elevation of the peripheral progesterone level after hCG administration. AIVI was investigated at three sperm counts, 20 x 10(6) (Experiment 1), 40 x 10(6) (Experiment 2), and 80 x 10(6) (Experiment 3), with semen collected by the artificial vagina method. Semen was infused in the vagina under general anesthesia by advancing a 9 cm-long nylon probe with 1.5 mm diameter connected to a 1 ml syringe in the vagina for 3-4 cm. Ovulation was induced in 43 of 45 animals (95.6%). One of 16 animals was fertilized (conception rate: 6.6%) by AIVI in Experiment 1. In Experiments 2 and 3, conception was obtained in six of 18 animals (33.3%) and seven of nine animals (77.8%), respectively, and the mean numbers of kits were 4.0 +/- 0.4 and 3.3 +/- 0.5, respectively, and the mean numbers of kits were 4.0 +/- 0.4 (SE) and 3.3 +/- 0.5, respectively, showing no significant difference. There were no differences in the time of insemination after hCG administration and the conception rate among these groups. Our findings showed that the number of sperm required for fertilization by AIVI of fresh semen in cats was 80 x 10(6).

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Unilateral intrauterine horn insemination of fresh semen in cats.

The sperm count required were investigated to obtain a conception rate of 80% by unilateral intrauterine insemination (UIUI) of fresh semen in cats. The conception rates obtained by insemination before and after ovulation were also examined. Thirty-six female cats aged 1-7 years were used in the experiments, and the number of experimental cases was 44. Seven male cats aged 2-12 years from which semen could be collected by the artificial vagina method were used. In artificial insemination, 100 iu x 2 or 250 iu of hCG was administered on days 2-4 of estrus, and sperm were introduced into the uterine horn with a greater number of ovulations (or mature follicles) 15, 20 and 30 hr after hCG administration by laparotomy. The inseminated sperm counts were 2 x 10(6) (Exp. 1). 4 x 10(6) (Exp. 2), and 8 x 10(6) (Exp. 3). As a result, ovulation was induced in 42 of 44 cases (induction rate: 95.5%) regardless of the dosage of hCG. Conception was obtained by UIUI in two of 16 animals (conception rate: 12.5%) in the Exp. 1, five of 16 animals (31.3%) in Exp. 2, and eight of 10 animals (80.0%) in Exp. 3. Regarding the relationship between the ovulation state at insemination and conception, the conception rate obtained by insemination before ovulation was clearly higher than that obtained by insemination after ovulation (p<0.05). Regarding the number of kits compared to the number of ovulations on the inseminated side, the percentages of cases in which the number of kits exceeded the number of ovulations on the inseminated side were similar in all groups inseminated with a different number of sperm. It is therefore necessary to investigate conception rates obtained by bilateral insemination to increase the fertility rate. Based on the above findings, it was shown that the sperm count required for fertilization by UIUI is 8 x 10(6).

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Unilateral intrauterine horn insemination of frozen semen in cats.

Frozen feline semen was prepared using two types of extenders, egg yolk Tris-fructose citric acid (EYT-FC) and egg yolk sodium citrate solution (EYC), and the semen qualities after thawing and the conception rates obtained by unilateral intrauterine horn insemination (UIUI) were investigated. Cats used in the experiment were six males and 11 females aged 2-12 years (the number of experimental cases was 17). For preparation of frozen semen, semen collected by the artificial vagina method was adjusted to I x 10(8) sperm/m/ and 7% glycerol, put in 250 microl straws, and then frozen using a cell freezer. The mean sperm motility after thawing was 30.0+/-9.7 (SE) % in the semen prepared with EYT-FC and 30.0+/-3.3% in the semen prepared with EYC. Four of seven animals were fertilized by UIUI using two straws in both extenders, and the conception rate was 57.1%. The mean ratios of number of kits to the number of ovulations in the inseminated side were 61.1+/-24.5% and 30.5+/-3.4% for EYT-FC and EYC, respectively, showing that the ratio tended to be higher in the semen prepared with EYT-FC. The above findings, comparing the two extenders for preparation of frozen feline semen, showed that EYT-FC is slightly superior to EYC. To increase conception and fertility rates, it may be important to increase the sperm count for insemination and to inseminate both uterine horns.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Intrauterine and intravaginal insemination with frozen canine semen using an extender consisting of orvus ES paste-supplemented egg yolk tris-fructose citrate.

Our previous report indicated that addition of Orvus ES Paste (OEP) to the extender of frozen canine semen protected acrosomes and maintained sperm motility after thawing. In this study, artificial insemination (AI) using the frozen semen was carried out. The frozen semen was prepared using egg yolk Tris-fructose citrate, and the final concentrations of glycerol and OEP were 7% (v/v) and 0.75% (v/v), respectively. AI was performed during the optimal mating period predicted from the peripheral plasma progesterone level. In intrauterine insemination (IUI), the bitches were laparotomized and 1 x 10(8) spermatozoa were infused into one of the uterine horns. In insemination of non-OEP supplemented semen, 3 x 10(8) spermatozoa were inseminated. In intravaginal insemination (IVI), 10-40 x 10(8) spermatozoa were inseminated. Conception was obtained in nine of 10 bitches (90.0%) that underwent IUI. The number of newborns was from 1 to 7 (mean 3.6 +/- 0.9). The mean ratio of the number of puppies to the number of ovulations in the inseminated uterine horn was 71.8%. The number of puppies did not exceed the number of ovulation in the inseminated uterine horn. Conception using non-OEP supplemented frozen semen was unsuccessful in all four bitches. In IVI, conception was not obtained in any of the six bitches that received insemination of 10 x 10(8) or 40 x 10(8) spermatozoa, but two of three bitches that received insemination of 20 x 10(8) spermatozoa were fertilized. It was shown that a high conception rate can be obtained by IUI using OEP-supplemented frozen canine semen. Developmenmt of a non-surgical method of IUI and a method of freezing canine sperm applicable to IVI is necessary.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Dose-dependent effects of mandibular advancement on pharyngeal mechanics and nocturnal oxygenation in patients with sleep-disordered breathing.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine dose-dependent effects of mandibular advancement on collapsibility of the passive pharynx and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-seven adult patients with SDB. INTERVENTIONS: Oral appliances with 2-, 4-, and 6-mm advancement of the mandible. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Overnight oximetry was performed with and without oral appliances. Each 2-mm mandibular advancement coincided with approximately 20% improvement in number and severity of nocturnal desaturations. Percentages of patients producing a > 50% improvement rate of the number of desaturations were 25%, 48%, and 65% with use of oral appliances with 2-, 4-, and 6-mm mandibular advancement, respectively. Static pharyngeal mechanics were evaluated in six completely paralyzed patients with SDB under general anesthesia with and without the oral appliances. Advancement of mandibular position was found to produce dose-dependent closing pressure reduction of all pharyngeal segments. Normalization of nocturnal oxygenation was associated with negative closing pressure, especially at the velopharynx. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that improvement of both nocturnal oxygenation and pharyngeal collapsibility significantly depends on the mandibular position.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Sorting of peroxisomal and mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase isozymes in the diploid yeast, Candida tropicalis.

Peroxisomal and mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT; EC 2.3.1.7) isozymes are synthesized from the first and second ATG codons of the open reading frame of one gene, Candida tropicalis CAT. Primer extension analysis and RNase protection assay revealed that the peroxisomal CAT, initiating at the second AUG codon of the transcripts, was synthesized by a translational readthrough of the first AUG codon of the open reading frame. When C. tropicalis CAT was introduced into the other yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 5' ends of transcripts were similar to those observed in C. tropicalis. Peroxisomal and mitochondrial CAT isozymes were strongly suggested to occur by the alternative initiation of translation, chiefly dependent on the structure or sequence context of the region from the 5' end to the second AUG codon; their transcripts harbored sufficient information to bring about alternative initiation of translation in both yeasts. Sorting of peroxisomal and mitochondrial CAT isozymes to their own compartment was carried out by their own targeting sequences, but, before transportation to their destination, their biosyntheses were regulated by alternative initiation of translation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Genetic evaluation of peroxisomal and cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase isozymes in n-alkane-assimilating diploid yeast, Candida tropicalis.

The n-alkane-assimilating diploid yeast, Candida tropicalis, possesses two acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (Thiolase I) isozymes encoded by one allele: peroxisomal and cytosolic Thiolase Is encoded by both CT-T1A and CT-T1B. To clarify the function of peroxisomal and cytosolic Thiolase Is, the site-directed mutation leading Thiolase I delta C6 without a putative C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal was introduced on CT-T1A locus in the ct-t1b delta-null mutant. The C-terminus-truncated Thiolase I was active and solely present in the cytosol. Although the ct-t1a delta/t1b delta-null mutants showed mevalonate auxotrophy, the mutants having the C-terminus-truncated Thiolase I did not require mevalonate for growth, as did the strains having cytosolic Thiolase I. These results demonstrate that the presence of Thiolase I in the cytoplasm is indispensable for the sterol synthesis in this yeast. It is of greater interest that peroxisomal and cytosolic Thiolase I isozymes, products of the same genes, play different roles in the respective compartments, although further investigations will be necessary to analyze how to be sorted into peroxisomes and the cytosol.

Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase↗

PubMed2000

Pre-and post-operative respiratory assessment of acromegalics with sleep apnea--bedside oximetric study for transsphenoidal approach.

PURPOSE: Although routine mechanical nasal packing after transsphenoidal surgery (TS) is thought to increase respiratory disorders during sleep, there has been little in the literature about the pre- and post-operative airway assessment of acromegalics with sleep apnea (SA). We describe 4 acromegalic patients with SA, who underwent transsphenoidal surgery. METHODS AND CASES: The patients were all men, aged from 47 to 59 years. The pre- and post-operative sleep study consisted with a computer calculated oximetry parameter of oxygen desaturation index (ODI), which was defined as the number/hour of oxygen desaturation episodes exceeding 4% from the base line (normal range < 15). The postoperative (postop.) sleep study was carried out from the 1st postop. day to the 8th day, for 1 to 8 days, varying for each patient. RESULTS: Only the worst postop. result is shown. Patient 1 had 2 operations, 2 years apart. ODI was 39.6 before the 1st operation and 45.9 postop.. In the second operation ODI was 21.8 preoperatively (preop.) and 57.9 postop.. Preop. and postop. ODI was 18.1 and 22.2 in patient 2, 21.6 and 22.5 in patient 3 and 45.5 and 18.9 in patient 4, respectively. ODI of patient 4 was 39.6, 3 weeks later. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that the postop. oxymetric study commonly showed worse results in acromegalics with nasal packing. The better result of patient 4 was probably due to a postop. sleepless state. REM sleep usually increases in the first several postop. days, when cardiopulmonary complications are more likely to occur. Since acromegalics with severe SA and postop. nasal packing may more readily suffer from cardiopulmonary complications, postoperative meticulous respiratory monitoring and care should be mandatory.

Acromegaly↗

PubMed2000

Effect of denervation of the pylorus and transection of the duodenum on acetaminophen absorption in rats; possible mechanism for early delayed gastric emptying after pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy.

Early delayed gastric emptying has been reported as a frequent complication following pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD). We investigated the effect of division of the pyloric branch of the vagus nerve and/or transection of the duodenum on gastric emptying using the acetaminophen method in rats to speculate the unknown etiology of early delayed gastric emptying after PPPD. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups; Group S, sham operation as controls; Group N, disturbance of neuro-vascular supply to the pylorus; Group D, temporary interference of the duodenal continuity; and Group N+D, with both procedures in Group N and Group D. Gastric emptying was measured using the acetaminophen method at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after operations in each group. No significant difference was observed in Group S at any intervals after the operation. Gastric emptying was prolonged significantly in Group N, Group D and Group N+D compared to Group S until 2 weeks following surgery. Significant delayed gastric emptying was sustained in Group N+D at 4 weeks, although gastric emptying in Group N and Group D was improved by 4 weeks. The results in rodent models suggest that both dissection of the pyloric branch of the vagus and transection of the duodenum might be causative factors of postoperative delayed gastric emptying following PPPD.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2000

Strategies for reaching by individuals with mental retardation: empty and filled glasses.

The purpose of this study was to assess the reaching strategies of individuals with mental retardation under different conditions. Much about reaching has been studied from the points of view of the optimization of the reading performance and the adaptation to the object's attributes. Few studies, however, have concerned reaching among individuals with mental retardation. Eight right-handed individuals with mental retardation reached for two types of glasses, one empty and the other filled with water. We translated the position of the index finger into X-Y-Z coordinate values and examined movement time, length of trajectory, and tangential velocity under the empty and filled conditions. There was no difference between conditions on any of the variables thought in many studies for individuals without mental retardation to indicate differences between attributes. This suggests that the present individuals with mental retardation might have difficulty in using information or context for planning movement and in optimizing their reaching movement for different conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Causal models of achievement motive, goal orientation, intrinsic interest, and academic achievement in classroom].

This study investigated the effect of achievement motive on goal orientation, and that of goal orientation on intrinsic interest in learning and academic achievement, based on the model proposed by Elliot and Church (1997). A sample of 222 fifth and sixth grade students of an elementary school, and another of 307 seventh, eighth and ninth grade students of a junior high school participated in the study. The approach-avoidance framework of Elliot and Harackiewicz (1996) was used to classify goal orientations. With multiple-sample structural equation modeling, the paths in two causal models, one for each of the elementary and junior high school samples, were compared. A path was found from hope for success to mastery orientation, from both hope for success and fear of failure to performance-approach orientation, and from fear of failure to performance-avoidance orientation. Mastery and performance-approach orientations each had a positive effect on intrinsic interest in learning. For elementary school children, performance-approach orientation enhanced academic achievement, and for junior high school students, mastery orientation mainly facilitated it. Performance-avoidance orientation had a negative effect on both intrinsic interest and academic achievement.

Achievement↗