Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

A Staines

Publications and source records attributed to A Staines.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Clustering of childhood IDDM. Links with age and place of residence.

OBJECTIVE: To improve understanding of the etiology of IDDM by analyzing spatial and space-time distribution of the incidence in children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Statistical tests to detect clustering were applied to a population-based register of 1,490 children (aged 0-16 years) with IDDM in Yorkshire, northern England. The Knox test analyzed clustering in space and time, and the Potthoff-Whittinghill test quantified spatial differences in incidence between small-area census units (electoral wards). The Potthoff-Whittinghill test was conditioned for childhood population density and deprivation (Townsend index). RESULTS: Both tests demonstrated clustering of IDDM in Yorkshire children. Space-time and spatial clustering is strongest in the younger children (0-4 and 5-9 years of age), even after conditioning for known associations. Clustering was more common in the county of Humberside during the years 1982-1985 and in wards of low population density (< 0.26 0- to 16 year-old subjects per hectare). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a nonrandom space-time distribution of IDDM in children not accounted for by known covarying demographic factors. The Potthoff-Whittinghill test has not previously been applied to childhood IDDM. The new finding of strong clustering in young children is consistent with early exposure, possibly in utero, to infectious agents or localized environmental sources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Geographical mapping of childhood diabetes in the northern English county of Yorkshire.

This study aimed to highlight geographical differences in childhood Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by mapping incidence at 3 different geographical scales, within the northern English county of Yorkshire. Mapping techniques are applied to incident cases from a population-based regional register of childhood IDDM. The Yorkshire Children's Diabetes Register (YCDR) comprises 1310 children (0-14 years) diagnosed with IDDM from 1978-1990. Age standardized incidence rates (cases/100000/year) are given for administrative county, standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) are mapped by local government district and electoral ward. Heterogeneity between areas was assessed by a chi 2 test. At county level, incidence is 25% higher in Humberside (16.82 per 100000 per year) compared to West Yorkshire (12.21 per 100000 per year) (p < 0.001). SIRs for the 22 districts display significant heterogeneity (p < 0.001) with deficits in the urban areas of Kirklees (70 95% CI 57-85) and Bradford (81 95% CI 68-95) and significant excesses in the rural districts of Ryedale (147 95% CI 106-198), Beverley (149 95% CI 113-193), Holderness (166 95% CI 112-237) and Boothferry (186 95% CI 134-250). At the smallest scale, variation between wards is significant (p < 0.001) and low incidence in urban areas is notable. Geographical variation in the incidence of childhood IDDM may provide strong clues to its aetiology. Within Yorkshire, geographical distribution shows significant heterogeneity at three different scales. The magnitude of the variation is not explained by ethnic or genetic differences in the population and underlines the important influence of environmental factors in disease aetiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The incidence and distribution of leukaemia and lymphoma within Northern Ireland in the period 1989-1993.

This is the first attempt to systematically record haematological malignancies in Northern Ireland. The methods are identical to a similar effort in other parts of the UK, except that an independent cross check with a cancer registry source was not possible. In addition problems with the census may create differences. Generally, the rates for the leukaemias are slightly lower than in England and Wales, except for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia whilst non-Hodgkin's lymphoma rates are higher. It remains to be seen how stable this situation is as further data are accumulated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil in high risk pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether n-3 fatty acid (EPA/DCHA) prophylaxis is beneficial in high risk pregnancies. DESIGN: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. SETTING: Antenatal clinic of St James's University Hospital, Leeds. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and thirty-three pregnant women at high risk of developing proteinuric or nonproteinuric pregnancy induced hypertension or asymmetrical intrauterine growth retardation. INTERVENTION: Active treatment was 2.7 g of MaxEpa daily (1.62 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.08 g of docosahexaenoic acid). Placebo were matching air-filled capsules. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Occurrence of proteinuric, nonproteinuric pregnancy induced hypertension or birthweight < 3rd centile. RESULTS: There was no difference in an intention to treat analysis between the placebo and active treatment groups for occurrence of proteinuric pregnancy induced hypertension (relative risk (RR) = 0.88; 95% CI 0.47-1.66), nonproteinuric pregnancy induced hypertension (RR = 0.89; 95% CI 0.48-1.64), birthweight < 3rd centile (RR = 0.89; 95% CI 0.48-1.64), or the duration of pregnancy (difference of mean durations = 0.1 days; 95% CI -4.8 to 4.9 days). Analyses stratified by use of tobacco, and analyses excluding known major protocol violators gave essentially identical results. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence from this study for any useful effect of fish oil supplementation for women at high risk of adverse outcomes from a pregnancy, but a small protective effect remains a possibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL): the possible role of sunlight.

This review critically examines the rise in incidence in non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) in selected parts of the world and concludes that much of the increase is likely to be due to unknown biological factors. It postulates that one reasonable explanation for the rise in incidence of NHL is the ever increasing exposure of populations, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, to sunlight. Support for the hypothesis is supplied from both epidemiological evidence and studies of the responses of lymphocytes to ultra-violet light in both in vitro and in vivo experimental work.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom: the Yorkshire Regional Childhood Diabetes Register.

A register of the incidence of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in the Yorkshire region of the United Kingdom has been completed. A total of 1,490 subjects aged between 0 and 16 years were identified from 1978 to 1990, giving an incidence of 13.7 per 100,000 (ages 0-14) or 13.6 per 100,000 (ages 0-16), comparable to other recent studies in the United Kingdom. An age-period-cohort analysis shows evidence for a modest drift effect of 1.75% per year (95% confidence interval 0.28 to 3.25%). There is a marked epidemic pattern with peaks at 4-year intervals. The age-incidence curve is similar to that reported elsewhere, having peaks in early childhood and puberty. Girls have an earlier pubertal peak than boys. There is substantial seasonal variation in incidence confined to those over 5 years of age. Ascertainment is believed to be very complete, and is estimated to be 97.6% (95% confidence interval 97.2% to 98.1%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Hairy cell leukaemia: descriptive epidemiology and a case-control study.

The descriptive epidemiology of hairy cell leukaemia is reported from a specialized register of haematological malignancies covering approximately one-third of England and Wales. The overall incidence of hairy cell leukaemia at 2.9 per million persons per year is similar to that recorded in America. There is a marked male preponderance (4.0 compared with 1.7 per million per year for females). A case-control study on hairy cell leukaemia was conducted in the Yorkshire and Trent Regional Health Authority areas. 50 cases and 95 controls were identified, and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Previous results on the aetiology of hairy cell leukaemia were not supported by this study, with the exception of an association between hairy cell leukaemia and exposure to organic solvents, petrochemicals and related products.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia incidence in the UK by immunophenotype.

The incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is described for both children and adults for the three major immunophenotypes: null, CD10-positive (CD+) which includes both common and pre-B types, and T-cell (including pre-T variants). The data are derived from a population-based specialist registry of leukaemias and lymphomas covering approximately one-half of England and Wales. Null ALL predominates in those under 1 year old and CD10+ ALL in the 1-7 year olds. There is a male excess at all ages for T-cell disease, which is particularly prominent in adolescents and young adults. The effect of socioeconomic levels is seen most clearly for CD10+ ALL in the childhood peak, where B-cell precursor disease occurs more frequently in areas of higher socioeconomic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Evidence for an environmental effect in the aetiology of insulin dependent diabetes in a transmigratory population.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether children of families moving from an area of low incidence of childhood diabetes to one which is higher show a corresponding rise in disease incidence. DESIGN: Disease incidence study over 12 years. SETTING: Bradford District Metropolitan Council area. SUBJECTS: All subjects aged 0-16 years resident within the study area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidences of childhood diabetes in Asian and non-Asian families. RESULTS: The incidence of diabetes in Asian children increased from 3.1/100,000 per year in 1978-81 to 11.7/100,000 per year in 1988-90 (chi 2 for trend = 4.95, df = 1, p = 0.026) whereas that for other children remained constant at 10.5/100,000 per year. Over the entire study period rates were lower in Asian females (4.9/100,000 per year) than in Asian males (8.8/100,000 per year) whereas the reverse was true for other children (males 9.2/100,000 per year; females 12.0/100,000 per year) (test for common odds ratio: chi 2 = 3.81, df = 1, p = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS: Offspring of this transmigratory population had a rising incidence of childhood diabetes which was approaching that of the indigenous population. The data provide strong evidence for an environmental effect in the aetiology of insulin dependent diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Acute leukaemias.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

The changing role of surgery in the management of rhabdomyosarcoma.

A retrospective analysis was performed of 56 patients presenting to Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland, over a 25 year period with a diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma, in an effort to assess the changing role of surgery in the management of this disease. There were 38 males and 18 females; the age range at presentation was from birth to 13 years with a median of three years. Head and neck tumors occurred most frequently (23) followed by pelvic (14), paratesticular (6), extremities (6), gastrointestinal (4) and thoracic (3). Prior to 1971 there were no survivors while a doubling of survival has been observed within the past decade (31% to 63%). The minimum period of follow-up was four years. Surgical intervention ranged from total primary excision (20) to biopsy only (21) with total or subtotal resection performed electively in 15. Surgical evaluations, including examinations under anesthesia, staging laparotomy and second look laparotomy were also invaluable in assessing disease status. The incorporation of multiagent chemotherapy together with more selective use of radiotherapy has enabled a more conservative role to be adopted by the surgical oncologist thereby minimizing longterm sequelae.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1992

The Yorkshire Region Children's Tumour Registry--the role of the specialised children's.

The Yorkshire Regional Children's Tumour Registry (YRCTR) has been operating since the early 1980's in Leeds. It has collected registrations of childhood cancer from (approximately) the Yorkshire Regional Health Authority (RHA) area for the years 1974 onwards. All malignant neoplasms, all intracranial tumours, and a number of other disorders diagnosed in persons aged 14 or under, resident in the RHA area are included. For several reasons large general cancer registries are unable to cover childhood malignancies as well as they do adult malignancies. Many of these problems can be addressed by establishing a specialist register. This also has certain advantages for researchers, and can serve as a useful basis for diverse types of research work.

Age Factors↗