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Biomedical subjects

A Sheiham

Publications and source records attributed to A Sheiham.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The development of a socio-dental measure of dental impacts on daily living.

This study outlines the development of a socio-dental method which includes measures of the impacts of oral health status on the quality of daily living. The measure, the Dental Impact on Daily Living (DIDL), has five dimensions: Comfort, Appearance, Pain, Performance and Eating Restriction (CAPPER). DIDL differs from other socio-dental indicators in that it assesses the dental impacts on daily living, the relative importance respondents attribute to each impact dimension and their oral status. Weighting is assigned by every person through an easy to use scale using a sliding arrow that the subject moves. DIDL generates an impact score for each dimension. In addition, since impacts do not usually occur separately, a single total impact score is also estimated to assess total oral impacts. The instrument was tested using item-analysis, factor analysis, validation and reliability tests. The measure was tested in Brazil on a sample of 662 people, aged 35 to 44 years, of two social classes and both genders. Three different levels of oral status were used: high DMFT, medium DMFT and low DMFT. Estimating the relative importance people attributed to the different dimensions was important as shown by the fact that differences between sub-groups were found. DIDL attempts to assess how oral health is perceived by individuals and how the mouth and teeth affect people. Combined with clinical status measures, DIDL should prove a valuable tool to assess need.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Oral rehydration therapy--a dental perspective.

Sugar-based Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) is still the conventional treatment for diarrhoeal diseases. The WHO/UNICEF, and other groups endorse and actively promote its use for all cases of diarrhoea. Despite the deleterious effects of sugars promotion on dental health, and the incontrovertible role of sugars as the major factor responsible for the present upsurge in dental caries prevalence in the developing countries, the search for an ideal Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) has so far completely ignored any dental considerations. Of the presently available rehydration solutions, the cereal or food-based solutions offer greater advantages over the sugar based solutions. Further research efforts must be directed at non-sugar based ORT, and funding organisations should give support to researchers and research institutions working to replace sugars with cereal flours, improve food-based ORS, or develop novel approaches to ORT that are based on non-cariogenic ingredients. Policy makers, researchers and health care workers generally must always consider, in addition to other factors, the dental implications of their recommendations on ORT.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Dental impacts on daily life and satisfaction with teeth in relation to dental status in adults.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether older people having missing posterior teeth had few impacts and considered their teeth and mouth acceptable. The main objective was to assess the relationship between satisfaction with teeth and mouth, and the number, position and condition of the natural teeth. The sample was an employed unrepresentative population most of whom were in daily contact with the public. There was a very poor association between reported satisfaction with teeth and the number of standing teeth. There was little difference in satisfaction with dental and mouth status and the number of functional posterior occluding pairs (POPs). Satisfaction with the number and position of the functional POPs was not statistically significantly different in those with more or less than four POPs. However, there was slightly more satisfaction with teeth in the group with more than four POPs. Overall, those with more molar and premolar pairs were most satisfied with their teeth.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Relative contribution of dental services to the changes in caries levels of 12-year-old children in 18 industrialized countries in the 1970s and early 1980s.

The contribution of health services to improvements in health is contentious. The main aim of the present study was to assess the relative contribution that dental services may have made to the changes in dental caries (decayed, missing or filled permanent teeth) level of 12-year-old children in some industrialized countries in the 1970s and early 1980s. A secondary aim was an analysis of the association of the changes in caries levels with broad socioeconomic factors. In this study aggregate (ecological) data from 18 industrialized countries were analyzed at a national level. Data were obtained from published papers and official publications and included 3 kinds of variables: caries, presence of dental service and broad socioeconomic factors (including fluoridated toothpastes). Dental services explained 3% of the variation in changes in 12-year-old caries levels in the 1970s and early 1980s period whereas broad socioeconomic factors (including or excluding fluoridated toothpastes) explained 65%. The findings suggest that dental services were relatively unimportant in explaining the differences in changes in 12 year-old caries levels in the 1970s and early 1980s in the 18 countries. The view that fluoride in toothpaste was the only important cause of the declines in decayed, missing or filled permanent teeth in industrialized countries was questioned. A possible important contribution of the dental services to the declines was a change in the diagnostic and treatment criteria of caries.

Australia↗
PubMed1995

Relation between clinical dental status and subjective impacts on daily living.

Although clinical dental status has weak correlations with subjective impacts, some of them are significant. Those variables which had significant correlations could be used as a starting point to understand clinical and social characteristics of people who experience dental problems. This is indeed the basis for the current research. The study compares psychosocial impacts on the quality of people's life with their respective oral status. To that end, a socio-dental indicator, the 'Dental Impact of Daily Living' (DIDL), involving five dimensions, together with a scale which assesses dimension impacts, was developed. The resulting instrument was validated and the reliability tested. The instrument generates a total final score, in addition to scores for each dimension. The method was tested in Brazil on a sample of 662 people, aged from 35 to 44 years, of two social classes, both sexes, and with three different levels of dental caries status or with a full upper denture. To test whether DIDL discriminated between groups with different levels of subjective impact, we analyzed how oral status, social class, and gender varied according to impacts. Different levels of oral status had different impacts on people's daily life. On the basis of the results, it is reasonable to suggest that oral status and social and psychological dimensions should be considered simultaneously when in assessment of people's dental needs.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down? Perspectives on the use of sugar in children's medicines.

This analysis examines the policy issues involved in the removal of sugar from paediatric medicines. It reports a study which investigates the perspectives of professionals, consumers, and the pharmaceutical industry. Interviews were conducted with: parents of children receiving long term medication, dental professionals involved in influencing policy or caring for such children, and drug companies who produce medication for long term use by children. Results showed that the parent group preferred the tablet over the liquid form of medication; this was also considered acceptable by the key dental professionals interviewed. The removal of sugar from liquid medicine (rather than the alternative use of smaller tablets) was not therefore a policy generally preferred by the groups involved in the issue. It was concluded that the singular concern of the dentist, doctors and pharmacists to remove sugar from liquid paediatric medicines was a reflection of their altruistic intentions. The limited biomedical perspective of clinically trained occupations prevented them from exploring the wider issues of the various needs of consumers. Thus, the analysis highlights the problems which have been introduced by professional dominance in the issue of medication caries.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

[An analysis of the recommendations on sugar consumption p between 1961 and 1991].

It is study made an analysis of national expert reports on dietary guidelines published all over the world in the 30-year period between 1961 and 1991. The aim is to identify what the reports recommend about the consumption of sugars and their relation to chronic diseases, and also what advice should be given to the public and appropriate authorities regarding levels of sugars in the diet. Information was gathered from 115 reports published by experts committees in 36 different countries and regions of the world, including developed and developing countries. The results showed that the great majority (84.5%) of the reports analysed make recommendations on the extrinsic consumption of sugar and that there is an agreement that these sugars, especially sucrose, must be reduced in the diet. The commonest level proposed is that 10% of total calorie intake from extrinsic sugars should be considered the maximum level. Such advice is often addressed to the general population and it is offered with a view to the maintenance of general health and especially to the prevention dental caries and obesity. It was concluded that advice on the intake of sugars given by dietary guidelines in the last three decades is coherent with the existing scientific evidence on the relationship between sugars and human diseases and, therefore, they should be integrated into national food and health policies.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1994

A clinical comparison of non-traumatic methods of treating dental caries.

Over a period of 18 months the following non-traumatic methods of treating dental caries in deciduous teeth were compared: application of stannous fluoride (SnF2); application of SnF2 and silver diamine fluoride (SDF); application of SnF2, SDF, minimal cavity preparation and use of composite resin; minimal cavity preparation and composite resin only; no treatment. Caries progressed in only 5 per cent of the SDF/SnF2 group and 11 per cent of the composite resin group. The results indicate that it may be possible to treat carious lesions in a non-traumatic way using minimally prepared cavities and composite resin. This could significantly alter the restorative care of deciduous molars and it may be reasonable to speculate that the technique could also have important implications for use in the permanent dentition.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1994

The relative contribution of dental services to the changes and geographical variations in caries status of 5- and 12-year-old children in England and Wales in the 1980s.

The aim of this study was to assess the relative contribution of dental services to the changes and geographical variations in caries status of 5- and 12-year-old children in England and Wales in the 1980s. A secondary aim was to assess the association between caries experience and social factors. An ecological study analysing data at a district health authority level in England and Wales was conducted. Twenty-eight, 43 and 34 per cent of the variations in 5-year-old dmft in 1985, 1987 and 1989 respectively were explained by dental service activity indicators and 53, 62 and 57 per cent by social factors. Twenty-nine per cent of the variation in 12-year-old DMFT in 1988 was explained by dental service activity indicators and 46 per cent by social factors.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Current perspectives on improving chairside dental health education for adults.

This paper reviews current knowledge about improving chairside dental health education for adults. It places this knowledge within a general context of change in clinical ideas about appropriate treatment and of evidence about the current practice of oral health education for adults. The acronym SPERMAID is proposed as a summary of the principles to be followed in the motivation of the adult patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The prevalence of oral health problems in participants of the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona.

The Olympic Games are the focus of attention for millions of people in the world and provide the pinnacle of sporting excellence. The health and welfare of the participating sportsmen and women is paramount for successful competition and this must include oral health. The purpose of this paper is to describe a study undertaken at the Barcelona Olympic Games in 1992 into the attendance patterns and oral health of patients visiting the dental clinic provided in the Olympic Village. Recommendations are made for the conduct of future dental care facilities at Olympic Games and the collection of data.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Sociodental approach to the identification of dental treatment-need groups.

The aim of this study was to propose a method that could be used to distinguish significantly different dental treatment-need groups, to assist in planning more appropriate preventive dental health programmes than are now generally available. This involved the use of alternative new measures of dental status in conjunction with an indicator of people's potential, or "propensity" to adopt appropriate dental self-care measures. One important finding, based on a detailed questionnaire and dental examination of a sample population, is that substantial groups have relatively low or medium levels of dental status even though they possess relatively high propensity for self-care measures. A cross-classification of oral health status with the propensity indicator is used to define different treatment-need groups. Significant differences among these groups emerge in relation to various social indicators like age group, gender, region and dental history, and in relation to preventive dental health measures such as dental attendance and efficacy of teeth cleaning. The methodology proposed for identifying such different treatment-need groups could be valuable in devising effective community dental health strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Composite indicators of dental health: functioning teeth and the number of sound-equivalent teeth (T-Health).

This study investigated whether two new composite dental indicators--"the number of functioning teeth" and "the number of sound-equivalent teeth"--are more efficient than the conventional DMFT index in revealing the social and behavioural factors which are significantly related to oral health status. The arbitrary set of weights given to the T-Health indicator was also evaluated. The number of functioning teeth was defined as the aggregate of filled (otherwise sound) and sound teeth. The T-Health was defined as a weighted average of sound teeth, filled (otherwise sound) teeth and teeth with some decay, the weights intended in principle to represent the relative amounts of sound tissue in these three categories of teeth. An arbitrary set of weights was used: 4, 2, and 1 for sound, filled, and decayed teeth, respectively. 164 families (father, mother and at least one 13-yr-old child) from Belo Horizonte, Brazil, were randomly selected from 13-yr-old children from private and state schools. The parents' ages ranged from 35 to 44 yr. Socio-economic status, area of residence, level of education, family income, sugar consumption, toothbrushing frequency and type of dental attendance were the social and behavioural oral health risk-factors considered in this study. The results indicated that the two new dental indicators are more sensitive to the influence of social and behavioural factors, such as those investigated here, than is the traditional DMFT index. A different set of weights (4, 1, and 1 for sound, filled, and decayed) was suggested for the construction of the T-Health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between health related knowledge, attitudes and dental health behaviours in 14-16-year-old adolescents.

A survey of 3,160 pupils aged 14 to 16 years, attending schools in the 16 districts of the North East Thames Regional Health Authority, was conducted to examine their dental health status, attitudes and behaviour. The objective was to examine factors that might affect the assimilation of dental health education information, attitude modification and behavioural change, both in terms of clinical and psychosocial indicators of dental health. In general the dental health of those surveyed was good. Female pupils from outer London schools with high educational aspirations tended to have better periodontal health, an increased experience of restorative treatment, a greater dental health knowledge and more positive attitudes than the remaining children. Pupils' dental health attitudes could be explained by their present self-care practices in addition to the wish to adopt positive dental health behaviours in the future. Their ability to adopt these was further associated with their positive and negative perceptions of their own dental health. The close association between positive behaviours towards, and feelings of control over future dental health suggested that health attitudes could reflect feelings of empowerment and this was conductive to the adoption of self-care practices. Those pupils who felt empowered were more able to promote their own dental health by means of their positive self-care actions. On the other hand those groups of pupils which appeared less able to assimilate dental health information, which had less positive attitudes and were therefore unable to promote their own dental health through the adoption of self-care practices, could be identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between work stress and oral health status.

This study investigated whether oral health status is associated with work stress. 164 male workers aged from 35 to 44 years, equally distributed over four socio-economic groups took part in the study. Three work characteristics related to stress were studied: mental demand, control and variety. Age, socio-economic status, sugar consumption, frequency of dental attendance, toothbrushing frequency, type of toothpaste used, years of residence in Belo Horizonte and marital quality were considered in the data analysis. The results of simple regression analysis (dental caries data) and simple logistic regression analysis (periodontal data) showed a significant relationship between periodontal health status and work-related mental demand (P < 0.001), marital quality (P < 0.01) and socio-economic status (P < 0.05). Dental caries status was significantly associated with age (P < 0.001), socio-economic status (P < 0.05), sugar consumption (P < 0.01) and marital quality (P < 0.0001). Socio-economic status did not remain significantly associated with dental caries after adjusting for all the variables studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of intra-examiner reproducibility in scoring caries in primary teeth of two scoring systems used to monitor caries progression.

The investigation was designed to compare the reproducibility of scoring systems proposed by Pitts (1), and Murray & Majid (2), when used to monitor caries progression in primary teeth. A sub-sample of the posterior bitewing radiographs of 301, 5-yr-old children from a Duraphat clinical trial were re-examined. The difference in the reproducibility of the two methods was not significant (P greater than 0.05). The concern regarding the effect on reproducibility of using scoring systems with subdivisions of enamel when measuring caries progression in primary teeth appears to be unfounded.

Bias↗
PubMed1992

Progression of proximal caries in primary teeth in relation to radiographic scoring codes.

The posterior bitewing radiographs of 50 children from a Duraphat clinical trial were re-examined to compare the information provided on progression of caries of two scoring systems, that of Murray & Majid (1) and that of Pitts (2). Pitts' scoring system (Method 1), by recording the disease process at an earlier stage, and by avoiding the unnecessary loss of data, provided a more complete overall picture of the carious process than the scoring system used by Murray & Majid (Method 2). The progression rates were found to be significantly faster with Method 2 (P less than 0.05). With Method 1, a mean of 60% of enamel lesions per subject had remained confined to enamel 12 months later, the corresponding figure for Method 2 was 37%. Method 2, by excluding outer enamel lesions and overlapped surfaces, introduces biases which favour overestimating the proportion of lesions deemed to have progressed. The diagnostic criteria used by Murray & Majid lead to an overestimation of the rate of progression of caries in primary teeth.

Child↗