Recurrence of Graves disease after 40 years.
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Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
Biomedical subjects
A Sharma
Publications and source records attributed to A Sharma.
Laparoscopic repair of cholecystoduodenal fistulae.
Since the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1987 by Mouret, the scope of biliary surgery available to a laparoscopic surgeon has increased. In the early days of the procedure there were several accepted contraindications. Some of these were acute cholecystitis, morbid obesity, adherent gallbladder, jaundiced patients, ductal calculi, and biliary tract anomalies. In a series of 300 laparoscopic cholecystectomies we encountered five cholecystoduodenal fistulae. It was possible to deal with four fistulae laparoscopically. Two patients underwent a laparotomy, one for a failed laparoscopic repair of cholecystoduodenal fistula and the other for several common bile duct (CBD) stones, which could not be removed laparoscopically via the cystic duct. We maintain that with increasing expertise and improved instrumentation, most cases of cholecystoduodenal fistula could be dealt with laparoscopically.
Aged↗
Reversal of diazepam withdrawal induced hyperactivity in mice by BR 16-A (Mentat), a herbal preparation.
Abrupt cessation of chronic treatment of diazepam (20 mg/kg/day for 21 days) produced withdrawal reactions. BR 16-A, a multicomponent herbal preparation shown to reverse the withdrawal reactions to opiates was studied against diazepam induced withdrawal reactions in mice. Acute dose of diazepam (20 mg/kg) produced a decrease in the ambulatory and total activity. However, chronic administration for 21 days produced tolerance and no significant change in the ambulatory and total activity. On abrupt termination of diazepam treatment after 21 days, the animals showed anxiety and excitement as there was an increase in ambulatory and total activity. The withdrawal excitement was highest at 72 hr of the last dose of diazepam. Concomittant administration of BR 16-A (100 and 500 mg/kg) reversed the acute effect of diazepam in a dose dependent manner. Similarly, chronic administration of BR 16-A (100 and 500 mg/kg/day for 21 days) with diazepam (20 mg/kg/day for 21 days) also reversed the withdrawal induced hyperambulation and total activity. Chronic administration of BR 16-A per se had no significant effect on the ambulatory and total activity, however, in acute doses, BR 16-A (100 and 500 mg/kg) produced a dose dependent increase in the ambulatory and total activity. BR 16-A with its CNS profile of activity could be a useful preparation in the management of substances of abuse.
Animals↗
Receptor heterogeneity and invasion on erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites in Indian isolates.
Malarial parasites, P. falciparum with different capabilities of invasion on sialic acid deficient erythrocytes have been identified. All three parasite lines (FDL-RI; FSJ-B5; FJB-D2) required sialic acid for invasion. However, parasite FSJ-B5 cultured in neuraminidase treated erythrocytes invaded at 20% efficiency, whereas in the cells treated with neuraminidase and trypsin together, the parasites FDL-R1 and FJB-D2 invaded at less than 10% efficiency. It is therefore suggested that different parasites isolated from different geographical regions of India possess two receptors--one that binds at sialic acid dependent ligand and other that binds in sialic acid independent ligand as demonstrated by ELISA using monoclonals against glycophorin A and glycophorin B. The sialic acid independent ligand may be having different affinities of their receptors for the malarial parasites.
Animals↗
Liver abscess in Crohn's disease.
Liver abscess is a rare but serious complication of Crohn's disease. Intra-abdominal abscesses, fistulous disease, and metronidazole or steroid therapy have all been reported to be important predisposing factors in the pathogenesis of the disease, and the mortality has been reported to be high. We report six patients who developed a liver abscess as a complication of Crohn's disease. Three patients presented with a liver abscess as the first manifestation of Crohn's disease and two others had quiescent disease at presentation. The diagnosis was delayed by 1-8 wk after the onset of fever because of the paucity of signs indicating a hepatic infection. None of the patients had intra-abdominal abscesses, active fistulas, or metronidazole therapy before the onset of symptoms. The only predisposing conditions identified were two minor skin infections in patients developing staphylococcal liver abscesses. Nonoperative catheter drainage was successful in four of the six patients. One patient required surgical placement of drains, and the patient with the longest delay before diagnosis required hepatic lobectomy because of extensive necrosis. Shaking chills, fever with leukocytosis, and an elevated alkaline phosphatase are suggestive of a liver abscess and should prompt an ultrasound examination. Catheter drainage with antibiotic therapy is effective if the liver abscess is diagnosed before extensive necrosis has occurred. Minor skin infections may predispose to staphylococcal liver abscess in some cases.
Adolescent↗
Dopamine receptor mediated antidepressant action of B-HT 920 in mice.
Possible involvement of dopaminergic (DAergic) system in forced swimming-induced immobility (despair behaviour) was investigated in mice. B-HT 920 (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg), a post-synaptic DAergic agonist, produced a dose dependent reduction in immobility period, which was sensitive to blockade by haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and sulpiride (100 mg/kg). This effect was also blocked by alpha 2 antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg). SKF 38393 (5 mg/kg), a D1-DA agonist potentiated the action of B-HT 920. Reserpinization (2 mg/kg, 24 hr prior) produced despair immobility in mice. When a low dose of B-HT 920 (0.05 mg/kg) was given to reserpinized animals, the duration of immobility period was further increased. But on the other hand, a higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) of it reduced reserpine-induced immobility. Desipramine (5 and 10 mg/kg), elicited a dose dependent reduction in the immobility period, which was sensitive to blockade by sulpiride (100 mg/kg). Desipramine (10 mg/kg) showed a diphasic response in combination with B-HT 920, i.e., a potentiation of the response due to a low dose of B-HT 920 (0.05 mg/kg) and an antagonism of the response due to a higher dose of B-HT 920 (0.1 mg/kg), respectively. SKF 38393 (5 mg/kg), potentiated the action of desipramine (5 mg/kg). SKF 38393 (5 mg/kg) further potentiated the action of desipramine (5 mg/kg) and B-HT 920 (0.05 mg/kg). These observations suggests that B-HT 920 reduces behavioural immobility by DAergic mechanism and desipramine also modulates D2-DA receptors in its anti-depressant action.
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
On the characterization of dopamine-induced contractile response of rat anococcygeus muscle preparation.
Presence of specific dopamine (DA) receptors and their characterization was attempted in rat anococcygeus muscle preparation. Dopamine (10(-6) M) and B-HT 920 (10(-6) M) produced concentration dependent contractions of the rat anococcygeus muscle preparation. The response of DA was shifted towards right in presence of haloperidol (10(-6) M; pA2 = 6.8) and sulpiride (10(-4) M) in a competitive manner. Alpha 2 antagonists yohimbine (10(-5) M) and idazoxan (10(-5) M) blocked the response to DA in a competitive manner, while alpha 1 antagonist prazosin (10(-5) M) completely blocked the response to DA. SCH 23390 (10(-5) M), a D1 DA antagonist potentiated the response to DA. Reserpinization (5 mg/kg, 24 hr prior) brought about a shift towards the right, and this response was similarly blocked by haloperidol, sulpiride and yohimbine without affecting the maximum response. Desipramine (10(-5) M) blocked the response of DA in a non-competitive manner. Pretreatment of animals with desipramine (10 mg/kg) followed by reserpine, brought about a reversal of action of reserpine. The response to B-HT 920 (10(-6) M), was blocked similarly by haloperidol and yohimbine. However, the effect of desipramine was more pronounced when compared to DA per se. SKF 38393, a D1 DA agonist, potentiated the response to B-HT 920. The findings suggest the presence of both D1 and D2 DA receptors in rat anococcygeus muscle and that DA also acts on adrenergic receptors to produce a contractile response of this muscle preparation.
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
The anti-idiotype network in systemic lupus erythematosus--a review.
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Animals↗
Gout masquerading as rheumatoid vasculitis.
A 30-year-old Mexican woman had rash, deep ulcerations of her lower extremities, and debilitating polyarthritis. Her disorder simulated rheumatoid vasculitis, but serum rheumatoid factor was absent. The diagnosis of gout was confirmed by uric acid crystals in joint fluid and skin biopsy specimens and by x-ray crystallography. The age and sex were unusual for a patient with gout, and she had none of the commonly associated metabolic defects. This unique presentation for urate arthropathy needs further study.
Adult↗
Effects of bile duct ligation on calcium excretion in the rat.
In an earlier study we showed that bile duct-ligated rats were highly susceptible to gentamicin nephrotoxicity and that oral calcium administration had a pronounced protective effect. The mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Because cations compete with gentamicin for tubule binding sites, it has been suggested that the increased susceptibility of the kidney to gentamicin after bile duct ligation might result from decreased cation excretion. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bile duct ligation on calcium excretion in relation to overall renal function. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bile duct ligation and division. Pair-fed sham-operated rats served as controls. Metabolic and clearance studies were carried out at 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days after surgery. Urine output was higher in bile duct-ligated rats, and they excreted more calcium at 3, 5, 7 and 14 days, while excreting less sodium than controls. We conclude that after bile duct ligation, there is increased calcium excretion, which is independent of the abnormality in sodium excretion. Enhanced nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides in the bile duct-ligated rat model cannot be explained by decreased calcium excretion.
Animals↗
Antitumor effect of taxol-containing liposomes in a taxol-resistant murine tumor model.
Taxol is a promising agent for use in ovarian cancer and other malignancies. One problem associated with taxol is its low aqueous solubility, requiring Cremophor EL (polyethoxylated castor oil) and ethanol as excipients (Diluent 12); these agents cause serious adverse effects. Liposomes containing taxol and phospholipid (in a 1:33 mole ratio, respectively) were prepared from phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine in a 1:9 mole ratio. Antitumor effect was evaluated against Colon-26, a taxol-resistant murine tumor. Given as 1, 4, or 9 injections, free taxol given i.v. in Diluent 12 was ineffective at delaying tumor growth at doses < or = 30 mg/kg per injection (the maximum tolerated dose). In contrast, taxol-liposomes were well tolerated at doses greater than or equal to the maximum tolerated dose of free taxol and showed significant tumor growth inhibition at 10-45 mg/kg per injection.
Animals↗
Hormonal regulation of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase in human fetal lung.
Cytidylyltransferase (CTP: cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.15, CYT) is a regulatory enzyme for synthesis of pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC). The effects of glucocorticoid, T3, and cAMP on CYT activity were studied in explants of human fetal lung (18-22 weeks gestation) cultured for 1-6 days in serum-free medium. Dexamethasone (Dex, 10 nM) treatment for 5 days increased homogenate CYT activity (+115%, P < 0.02) when assayed in the presence of added lipid co-factor (L-alpha-phosphatidylglycerol, PG, 1.1 mM) and tended to increase activity in its absence (+77%, P = 0.12). Cytosolic activity was also significantly elevated in the presence of added co-factor (+124%, P < 0.01), but there was no effect of Dex on microsomal specific activity. Dex increased the recovery of CYT activity in the cytosolic fraction (75% vs. 43% (control) of the homogenate activity), but not in the microsomal, nuclear or mitochondrial fractions. Assayed in the presence of added co-factor, stimulation of CYT by Dex was apparent after 48 h exposure and maximal by 5-6 days exposure to < or = 30 nM concentration. T3 or agents that increase endogenous cAMP stimulated cytosolic activity by 40% and 36-74%, respectively, after 4-6 days exposure, but none produced an additive increase in the presence of Dex. We conclude that stimulation of CYT activity contributes to hormonal induction of surfactant lipids by each of these hormones. Glucocorticoids may increase the amount of CYT enzyme as well as activate the enzyme via increased synthesis of lipid co-factor.
Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase↗
Recombinant expression and partial characterization of the human formyl peptide receptor.
FMLP-receptor DNA was expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed product could specifically bind FMLP. This is the first-reported expression of a functional FMLP receptor in Escherichia coli. We confirm that receptor glycosylation is not essential for ligand binding. A deletion mutant did not bind FMLP, suggesting that the deleted portion plays a role in ligand binding.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
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Biliary Fistula↗
Relative efficiency of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and ascorbic acid in modifying lead and aluminium-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse bone marrow.
The identification of desmutagens and bioantimutagens in plants has prompted the search for additional plant extracts capable of modifying adverse cellular effects of environmental toxicants. The protective action of crude extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruits (PFE) against lead (Pb) and aluminium (Al)-induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied in bone marrow cells of Mus musculus. The modifying effect of the crude extract was compared with that of comparable amounts of synthetic ascorbic acid (AA), a major component of the fruits. Oral administration of PFE or AA for 7 consecutive days before exposure of mice to the metals by intraperitoneal injections reduced the frequencies of SCEs induced by both metals. PFE afforded a more pronounced protective effect than AA in counteracting the genotoxicity induced by both Al and Pb: This difference was significant with Pb. The higher protection afforded by PFE may be attributed to the interaction of AA with other natural ingredients present in the crude fruit extract.
Alum Compounds↗
Modification of clastogenicity of three known clastogens by garlic extract in mice in vivo.
The anticlastogenic activity of crude extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) was studied in bone marrow cells of mice. Male laboratory-bred Swiss albino mice were given one of three concentrations of the freshly prepared extract (100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg/kg body weight) as a dietary supplement by gavage for 6 consecutive days. On the seventh day the mice were administered a single acute dose of two known clastogens, mitomycin C(1.5 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg) or sodium arsenite (2.5 mg/kg), simultaneously with garlic extract. After 24 hr, chromosome preparations were made from the bone marrow cells. The endpoint studied were chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. Garlic extract alone induced a low level of chromosomal damage. The clastogenicity of all three mutagens were reduced significantly in the animals which had been given garlic extract as dietary supplement. The extent of reduction was different for the three clastogens and may be attributed to the interaction with the different components of the extract.
Analysis of Variance↗
An adaptive controller for the administration of closed-circuit anesthesia during spontaneous and assisted ventilation.
Although reduced waste of expensive anesthetic gases is a strong incentive to use closed-circuit anesthesia, manual methods of performing closed-circuit anesthesia are labor intensive and thus not widely used. Automation of closed-circuit anesthesia delivery may reduce the work. A pressure-based adaptive controller was designed and tested on mongrel dogs to evaluate the feasibility of automating closed-circuit anesthesia using an accessory to an existing clinical anesthesia machine and a gas analyzer. The controller was found stable and responsive with good control of oxygen concentration and acceptable control of halothane end-tidal concentration. The response time for oxygen was 5.23 +/- 1.26 minutes, and that for halothane was 2.67 +/- 1.83 minutes. The average peak overshoot for halothane at the start of the experiment was 26.9%. This pressure controller differs from previously published closed-circuit anesthesia controllers that measure gas volume changes within a mechanical ventilator. A pressure-based controller is easily attached to a standard anesthesia machine and is compatible with modes of ventilation other than controlled mechanical ventilation. The controller used in this study is not designed for clinical use, but was developed to investigate the feasibility of pressure as a basis for gas volume control in closed-circuit anesthesia administration.
Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit↗