Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

A Scheinin

Publications and source records attributed to A Scheinin.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Caries control through the use of sugar substitutes.

The purpose of the paper is to describe the essential findings in two clinical trials, carried out in order to evaluate differences in the caries increment rate as influenced by various sugars. The first study involved almost complete substitution of sucrose (S) by fructose (F) or xylitol (X) during a period of 2 years. The second study comprised partial substitution, the effects of a S- or X-containing chewing gum being compared during 1 year. In the first study there were no significant differences initially between the sugar groups; 35 subjects in the S-group, 38 in the F-group, and 52 in the X-group. During the entire study 10 subjects discontinued or were excluded. After 2 years the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces was 7-2 in the S-group, 3-8 in the F-group, and 0-0 in the X-group. The second study comprised initially 102 subjects, predominantly dental and medical sutdents, divided randomly into S- and X-groups. During the study 2 subjects were excluded. The subjects consumed 4-0 chewing gums per day in the S-group and correspondingly 4-8 in the X-group. The frequency of sucrose intake was 4-24 times per day in the S-group, and 4-94 in the X-group. The caries incidence assess independently by clinical and radiographical means, equalled the 1-year observations in the first study. The results show a massive reduction of the caries increment not only in relation to total, but also in connection with partial substitution of dietary sucrose and low xylitol consumption. The first study indicates fructose to be somewhat less cariogenic than sucrose. In view of the findings in the chewing gum study it is suggested that the non- and anticariogenic properties of xylitol principally depend on its lack of suitability for microbial metabolism and the physico-chemical effects in plaque and saliva brought about through low and repeated dosage.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Xylitol in relation to the incidence of dental caries.

Two clinical trials were carried out in order to evaluate differences in caries increment as influenced by various sugars. The first study involved almost complete substitution of sucrose (S) by fructose (F) or xylitol (X) during a period of 2 years. The second study comprised partial substitution, the effects of a S- or X-containing chewing gum being compared during 1 year. In the first trial there were no significant differences initially between the sugar groups; 35 subjects in the S-group, 38 in the F-group, and 52 in the X-group. During the entire study 10 subjects discontinued, in one case due to osmotic diarrhoea in the X-group, the other cases being due to difficulties in adhering to the strict diet, other personal reasons and in 3 cases due to excessive caries incidence. After 2 years the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces was 7.2 in the S-group, 3.8 in the F-group and 0.0 in the X-group. The caries incidence was additionally expressed in combined quantitative and qualitative terms by considering also the changes in lesion size. Irrespective of the way of using these indices, a massive reduction of the caries increment was noted in the X-group as compared to the S-group. The second trial comprised initially 102 subjects divided randomly into S- and X-groups. The subjects consumed 4.5 chewing gums per day in the X-group and 4.0 in the S-group. The frequency of the sucrose intake was 4.94 per day in the X-group, and 4.24 in the S-group. The caries incidence equalled the one-year observations in the first study. The results show a massive reduction of the caries increment not only in relation to total, but also in connection with partial substitution of sucrose and low xylitol consumption. The findings indicate a therapeutic, caries-inhibitory effect of xylitol.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum. A pilot study.

The effects on plaque induced by the use of xylitol- and sucrose-containing chewing-gums were studied on ten test-persons with neglected oral hygiene during two three-day periods. The chewing of three, as well as of ten pieces per day of a xylitol chewing-gum resulted in a significantly reduction in the amount of plaque and in the decrease of activity of invertase-like enzymes in plaque extracellular phase, when compared to corresponding conditions where a sucrose-containing chewing-gum was used.

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1975

Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum. A clinical and biochemical study.

The effects on plaque induced by single or repeated use of xylitol- and sucrose-containing chewing-gums were studied on twenty subjects refraining from tooth-brushing for three days. Mechanical removal of plaque by chewing during a single period was shown to yield no significant differences between gravimetric values obtained before and after chewing. Daily use of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum reduced by 47% the weight of plaque formed in comparison to a sucrose-containing product, and by 20--41% in comparison to conditions when no chewing-gum was used. The use of a xylitol chewing-gum induced a lower invertase-like activity in plaque extra cellular phase. Results at variance with the gravimetric data were obtained by using a stained plaque scoring system; the eventual inadequacy of such plaque scoring systems was discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Effect of a xylitol chewing gum on plaque quantity and quality.

The aim of the present study was to further investigate the plaque-reducing effect of a xylitol-containing chewing gum. Ninety-six dental students were divided randomly into three groups: a sucrose group (n = 32), a xylitol group (n = 36) and a control group (n = 28), using a sucrose-containing chewing gum, a xylitol-containing chewing gum, or no chewing gum, respectively, during a three-day experimental plaque growth period with restricted oral hygiene. The fresh weight of plaque collected in the xylitol group was 40% lower than in the sucrose group, along with a significantly lower mean plaque index. The use of the xylitol chewing gum induced low invertase-like activity in plaque extra-cellular phase together with low carbohydrate content. These results concur to indicate advantageous effects through the use of a xylitol-containing chewing gum.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Turku sugar studies XVIII. Incidence of dental caries in relation to 1-year consumption of xylitol chewing gum.

A longitudinal study was carried out in order to evaluate the caries incidence as affected by partial substitution of dietary sucrose (S) with xylitol (X), the effects of S- or X-containing chewing gums being compared during one year. The material comprised initially 102 young adults, predominantly dental and medical students, divided randomly into S- and X-groups. During the study 2 subjects were excluded, one due to lack of cooperation, the other not being allowed to enter the assigned S-group due to excessive caries prevalence. The subjects consumed 4.0 chewing gums per day in the S-group and 4.5 in the X-group. The frequency of sucrose intake was 4.2 times per day in the S-group, and 4.9 in the X-group. The caries incidence, assessed independently by clinical and radiographical means, expressed as the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces, was 2.92 in the S-group, and --1.04 in the X-group. The corresponding values, when considering additionally the secondary caries reverals, were 3.76 in the S-group, and 0.33 in the X-group. The caries incidence was also expressed in combined quantitative and qualitative terms by considering in addition to the above parameters, also the changes in lesion size. The caries activity index thus calculated was 4.96 in the S-group, and 0.88 in the X-group. The results show a profound difference in the caries increment rate between the two experimental groups. The findings clearly indicate a therapeutic, caries inhibitory effect of xylitol.

Adult↗