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Biomedical subjects

A S Pradhan

Publications and source records attributed to A S Pradhan.

33 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

A concave tray with divergent block for desired dose distribution around shielded region in megavoltage radiation therapy.

In clinical situations large numbers of rectangular divergent blocks are required at different off-axis positions from central axis to shield sensitive organs. Superiority of divergent blocks over non-divergent blocks on a flat tray lies in improving the dose homogeneity. A method has been developed to minimize the number of divergent shielding blocks by using a concave tray at the collimator. The results of use of a single divergent block are similar to that of the use of several divergent blocks, each to match at different off-axis positions in the radiation beam. This type of single concave tray thus provides a considerable ease of handling divergent blocks in a busy radiotherapy centre.

Bismuth↗
PubMed1994

A fast and sensitive TLD method for measurement of energy and homogeneity of electron beams using transmitted radiation through lead.

A simple and fast, but sensitive TLD method for the measurement of energy and homogeneity of therapeutically used electron beams has been developed and tested. This method is based on the fact that when small thicknesses of high-Z absorbers such as lead are interposed in the high-energy electron beams, the transmitted radiation increases with the energy of the electron beams. Consequently, the ratio of readouts of TLDS held on the two sides of a lead plate varied sharply (by factor of 70) with a change in energy of the electron beam from 5 MeV to 18 MeV, offering a very sensitive method for the measurement of the energy of electron beams. By using the ratio of TL readouts of two types of TLD ribbon with widely different sensitivities, LiF TLD-700 ribbons on the upstream side and highly sensitive CaF2:Dy TLD-200 ribbons on the downstream side, an electron energy discrimination of better than +/- 0.1 MeV could be achieved. The homogeneity of the electron beam energy and the absorbed dose was measured by using a jig in which the TLDS were held in the desired array on both sides of a 4 mm thick lead plate. The method takes minimal beam time and makes it possible to carry out measurements for the audit of the quality of electron beams as well as for intercomparison of beams by mail.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Dose equivalent response of a TLD badge--influence of body backscatter.

In personnel monitoring, operational quantities recommended by ICRU Publication No. 39 for photon radiation can be realized by calibrating dosimeters on a phantom and considering body backscatter photons by using established conversion factors. Personnel dosimeters used in this study are based on CaSO4:Dy Teflon thermoluminescence dosimeter discs (TLD) that have a highly photon energy-dependent response. Since body backscattered photons have lower energies than the incidence photons, methods for correcting for energy dependence of both the incident and body backscattered photons have to be developed. By using readouts of two TLD discs (one under a composite metal filter and the other without a metal filter) in an empirical relation valid at all energies, it is possible to correct for the effect of change in response from change in the photon energies. It was found that the new operational quantities recommended by ICRU could be estimated to within +/- 15% by a TLD badge design based on this method. Angular dependence limits for photons in accordance with the new international standards and a high beta dose-equivalent discrimination in the mixed fields of beta and low-energy x rays could also be achieved.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1982

X- and gamma-ray response of the TLD badge based on CaSO4:Dy Teflon TLD discs.

A TLD badge based on CaSO4: Dy Teflon TLD discs has been designed for personnel monitoring of radiation workers encountering X-rays of effective energies above 20 keV. The badge had two Teflon TLD discs, one of which is used bare (without any filter) and other which is used with a metal filter. By taking into account the TL readout of both of these discs, the problems of photon energy dependence as well as directional dependence of the badge have been reduced to a minimum. The uncertainty due to photon energy dependence above 29 KeV (eff.) was found to be within a value of +/- 15% (at an angle of incidence of 45 degrees). The directional dependence of the badge is within +/- 30% in the energy range from 35 KeV to 1.25 MeV. The badge is designed so as to provide approximate information on the effective photon energy of the X-ray exposures.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed1978

A thermoluminescent fast-neutron dosemeter based on pellets of CaSO4: Dy mixed with sulphur.

The fast neutron activation reaction 32S(n, p) 32P in CaSO4: Dy has been used in the measurements of fast neutron dose by employing a post-irradiation TL accumulation method. In order to increase the efficiency of the method CaSO4: Dy powder was mixed with sulphur powder in various proportions from which pellets weighing each were made. After neutron irradiation these pellets were each burnt in an aluminium planchette and the phosphor residue with 32P beta activity on it was allowed to undergo self-irradiation for TL accumulation. The fast neutron efficiency of the system employing 10 pellets of 0.1% CaSO4: Dy was found to be about 100 times that of bare CaSO4: Dy powder.

Calcium↗
PubMed1977

Graphite-mixed CaSo4: Dy teflon TLD discs for beta dosimetry.

The thickness of commonly employed thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDS) is responsible for the problem of energy dependence in beta dose estimation in situations where this thickness is comparable to the range of beta particles in the TLD material. The effective thickness of solid TLD discs can, however, be reduced by use of some additives which would reduce their transparency to the TL light. The incorporation of various amounts of graphite powder into 0-8 mm thick CaSO4: Dy Teflon TLD discs has been investigated. This has considerably reduced their energy dependence for beta rays with Emax values ranging from 0-4 MeV to 2-27 MeV. Addition of graphite also results in sharp glow curves thereby minimizing the heating time during TL measurements. Significantly, graphite was also found to reduce the non-radiation-induced TL signal and this helps in low dose measurements.

Calcium↗