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Biomedical subjects

A S Carter

Publications and source records attributed to A S Carter.

33 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Discrepancies among mother, child, and teacher reports: examining the contributions of maternal depression and anxiety.

The relationship between maternal affective symptomatology and discrepancies in maternal reports of child symptoms, relative to teacher and child reports, was evaluated in a community sample of 188 children ages 9-12 years. Mothers, teachers, and children were administered a structured interview about child psychopathology. In general, mothers reported more child behavior problems than children and teachers regardless of maternal symptomatology. However, maternal affective symptoms were associated with discrepancies between mothers' and daughters' reports and between mothers' and teachers' reports of girls' externalizing symptoms. Furthermore, mothers who reported high levels of both anxiety and depressive symptomatology tended to report a large number of symptoms that were not confirmed by either their daughters or teachers. Findings are discussed as possible evidence of the role of maternal affective symptomatology in both actual increases in child symptomatology and maternal reporting distortions. Although maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms shared variance in reporting discrepancies, only anxiety explained unique variance. Consistent with previous studies, cross-informant agreement was modest to moderate (r = .16 to .50) and all informants reported more behavior problems in boys than in girls.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Complex segregation analyses of old order Amish families ascertained through bipolar I individuals.

Specific genetic hypotheses about the mode of transmission of bipolar affective disorders were examined by performing complex segregation analyses of Old Order Amish families. The analyses were performed on 1) the total set of 42 families including 689 relatives, 2) a subset of 19 families consisting of those kindreds sharing common ancestors within three generations that contained 333 relatives, and 3) a subset of 23 more distantly related families with 356 relatives. When all 42 families were included in the analyses, the specific mode of transmission that could be distinguished was dependent upon the diagnostic scheme used in the analysis. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance could be rejected when relatives with bipolar I, atypical bipolar, major depressive disorder, and hypomania were included as affected. When analyses included only the subset of families more closely related, an autosomal dominant inheritance model was found to be consistent with transmission of BP I disorder. It was not possible to distinguish between other transmission models with broader diagnostic schemes in this subset of families. Finally, results of analyses on the subset of more distantly related families suggest that there is a significant proportion of Old Order Amish families in which the genetic factors contributing to the expression of bipolar illness are either polygenic or oligogenic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A Russian adaptation of the Child Behavior Checklist: psychometric properties and associations with child and maternal affective symptomatology and family function.

The Child Behavior Checklist's (CBCL) applicability to a sample of 105 Russian 9- and 10-year-old children was evaluated by examining the internal consistency of Russian adaptations of parent and teacher report forms. In addition, child behavior scores were correlated with child report of internalizing symptoms and maternal reports of their own internalizing symptoms and general family functioning. Finally, rates of child behavior problems and patterns of interrater agreement were compared with U.S. normative data. The psychometric properties of the adaptations demonstrate the adequacy of these instruments for use in Russia. Internal consistency and interrater agreement were generally comparable to estimates obtained in U.S. normative samples. Further, an exploration of the construct validity of the Russian versions of the CBCL and Teacher Report Form (TRF) lends additional support to the adequacy of these instrument.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The accuracy of children's reports with anatomically correct dolls.

The accuracy of children's reports of alleged sexual abuse during interviews with anatomically correct dolls is the focus of considerable controversy. This study used an analog experience to measure empirically the accuracy of reports in a relevant, but controlled setting: the forensic medical examination for suspected sexual abuse. Twenty-one 3- to 7-year-old children were interviewed about what occurred during previous examinations with open-ended questions, open-ended questions with anatomically correct dolls, and direct questions with the dolls. Children provided significantly more accurate reports and fewer omissions with direct questions using the dolls compared with either of the two open-ended sections, but there was no significant difference in the number of false reports across the three sections of the interview. These results suggest that anatomically correct dolls may bolster the recall of children's memory in the setting of direct questions without prompting false reports.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1992

Similarity in general cognitive ability, creativity, and cognitive style in a sample of adolescent Russian twins.

Data on five tests of general and specific cognitive abilities, cognitive styles, and creativity, obtained from members of 60 identical and 63 fraternal Russian adolescent twin pairs, are presented. All tests are adaptations of standardized instruments widely used outside of the Soviet Union. Identical and fraternal twin correlations for general cognitive ability yielded a lower estimate of heritability (0.29) than generally found in other countries worldwide (0.52) although the twin correlations themselves are fairly comparable to figures from other countries and cultures--0.83 and 0.69 for Russian identical and fraternal twin pairs, respectively, vs 0.86 and 0.60 for non-Russian identical, and fraternal twin pairs. Twin correlations for other cognitive-related abilities assessed were also comparable to correlations obtained outside the Soviet Union with the exception of creativity which yielded higher within-pair resemblance than reported in previous twin studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Reflections on stillness: mothers' reactions to the still-face situation.

The still-face procedure, in which mothers maintain a neutral face and are noninteractive with their infants, has been used to study the effects of maternal withdrawal on the mother-infant interaction. In this study, 56 mothers' reactions to their own experience during a still-face procedure were explored using an open-ended interview. The associations between the mothers' reported experience, the infants' behavior during the procedure, and the mothers' behavior during subsequent play were examined. Over half of the mothers reported experiencing discomfort during the session and were more likely to report discomfort if their infants protested their affective absence. Mothers reporting discomfort were significantly more likely to pick up their infants and continue to reflect verbally on their own feelings after the still-face ended. These results are discussed in terms of their clinical implications for understanding the early development of the social dialogue between mother and infant.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Speed of reversal of midazolam-induced respiratory depression by flumazenil--a study in patients undergoing upper G.I. endoscopy.

Intravenous midazolam was given to 17 patients coming to upper G.I. endoscopy. All patients had an ear oximeter and calibrated induction plethysmograph attached to record oxygen saturation and minute volume continuously. Midazolam induced significant depression of respiration. Following removal of the endoscope, a new base line was obtained before giving intravenous flumazenil in an attempt to reverse the sedative and ventilatory effects of midazolam. When 0.5 mg of flumazenil was given over 20 s, followed by 0.1 mg every minute, up to a total of 1.0 mg, all patients were apparently awake in under 2 min. Although the flumazenil had clearly reversed the sedative effects of midazolam, the ventilatory effects were largely uninfluenced. The implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Emerging social regulatory capacities as seen in the still-face situation.

Early mother-infant interactions support infants' abilities to deal with stressful situations such as the withdrawal of maternal attention. The "still-face" paradigm provides a framework for studying the range of social regulatory capacities available to infants during stressful times. This study examined the responses of 62 3-4-month-old infants during the still-face situation. Infants' responses were coded in real time along 3 dimensions: gaze, affect, and state. 3 findings are presented: (1) Generally, infants responded to the still-face situation with predominantly neutral affect and looking away from their mothers. (2) Infants who looked longer at their mothers early in the still-face showed longer early positive affect and protested her absence less. (3) Girls more often showed an intensely negative response to the still-face. These findings are discussed in the context of the development of social regulatory capacities in infancy.

Affect↗
PubMed1990

The role of dyadic affect in play and infant sex in predicting infant response to the still-face situation.

This study was designed to examine mothers' and 3-month-old infants' affect in play and infant sex as predictors of infants' response to the still-face situation. Infants who evidenced negative affect in play were likely to respond with negative displays during a subsequent still-face situation. Maternal positivity in play was positively correlated with infants' social gaze in the still-face situation. In addition, maternal positivity and infant sex significantly interacted in predicting infant affective response in the still-face situation. For girls, maternal positivity was associated with decreased expressivity. For boys, maternal positivity was associated with early positive bids, which were followed by negative bids and moderately negative affect. Finally, maternal positivity and its interaction with infant sex provide unique information beyond the carry-over effect from infant affect in play to infant response to the still-face. Results are discussed in terms of patterns of individual and joint regulation.

Affect↗
PubMed1986

Regulation of the soybean-Rhizobium nodule symbiosis by shoot and root factors.

The availability of soybean mutants with altered symbiotic properties allowed an investigation of the shoot or root control of the relevant phenotype. By means of grafts between these mutants and wild-type plants (cultivar Bragg and Williams), we demonstrated that supernodulation as well as hypernodulation (nitrate tolerance in nodulation and lack of autoregulation) is shoot controlled in two mutants (nts382 and nts1116) belonging most likely to two separate complementation groups. The supernodulation phenotype was expressed on roots of the parent cultivar Bragg as well as the roots of cultivar Williams. Likewise it was shown that non-nodulation (resistance to Bradyrhizobium) is root controlled in mutant nod49. The shoot control of nodule initiation is epistatically suppressed by the non-nodulation, root-expressed mutation. These findings suggest that different plant organs can influence the expression of the nodulation phenotype.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A prospective longitudinal study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to estimate the frequency of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS), tics, and other behavioral disorders among children at risk for TS and to examine the association of family functioning with children's diagnostic status and social-emotional functioning. METHOD: A prospective longitudinal design was used. Young children who were not displaying any tic behaviors but who had a first-degree relative with TS were recruited. Children's diagnostic status, social-emotional functioning, and family functioning were assessed with the Schedule for Tourette and Other Behavioral Syndromes, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Child Behavior Checklist, the Harter Self Perception Profile, and Family Environment Scale. RESULTS: Increased rates of tic disorders, obsessional and anxiety symptoms, and attentional and speech difficulties were observed. Family functioning, independent of parental psychopathology, was associated with attention-deficit and anxiety disorders, decreased adaptive and increased maladaptive behaviors, and lower self-esteem but not tic spectrum or learning disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The observed rates of tic disorders add support for an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. Family functioning appears to play an important role in non-tic disorders as well as adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. Family, cognitive-behavioral, and interpersonal therapies should be considered to address the social-emotional difficulties that often accompany TS.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body mass index, eating attitudes, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in pregnancy and the postpartum period.

OBJECTIVE: This report describes associations between body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), eating attitudes, and affective symptoms across pregnancy and the postpartum period in a sample of 64 women. METHODS: As part of a larger study, women were recruited during pregnancy and followed prospectively to 14 months postpartum. Measures included self-reported prepregnancy and 4-month postpartum BMI as well as pregnancy, 4-month, and 14-month postpartum eating attitudes (EAT), depressive symptoms (CES-D), and anxiety symptoms (STAI). RESULTS: During pregnancy, symptoms of depression or anxiety were not significantly correlated with concurrent eating attitudes or measures of BMI. However, at 14 months postpartum, measures of eating attitudes and both depression and anxiety symptoms were associated. Measures of BMI were associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms at both 4 and 14 months postpartum. Four-month eating attitudes and BMI predicted 14-month postpartum depressive symptoms, beyond pregnancy, and 4-month postpartum measures of affective symptoms. Results suggested that overweight women were at risk for elevated anxiety at 4 months and depressive symptoms at both 4 and 14 months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence for a significant, albeit moderate, relationship between BMI, eating attitudes, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in the postpartum period that are not present during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of filtering and inter-digit interval on the recognition of dichotic digits.

The new compact disc from the Department of Veterans Affairs, Tonal and Speech Materials for Auditory, Perceptual Assessment, Disc 2.0 (1998), contains two lists of randomly interleaved 1-, 2-, and 3-pair dichotic digits. Two experiments are reported, in which the effects of low-pass filtering and inter-digit interval on dichotic digit recognition were investigated in adult listeners with normal hearing and with mild-to-moderate cochlear hearing loss. Results demonstrated that in the filtered condition, as the low-pass cutoff was increased, there was an increase in recognition performance for 1-, 2-, and 3-pair dichotic digits. When compared to normative data for the materials, findings indicate that the interleaved 1-, 2-, and 3-pair dichotic digit materials were essentially resistant to the effects of hearing loss. There was no significant change in recognition performance as a function of inter-digit interval. The studied 625-ms range of inter-digit intervals studied produced consistent recognition performance with both groups of listeners.

Adult↗