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Biomedical subjects

A Russo

Publications and source records attributed to A Russo.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
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Morphometric evaluation of the infralabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal.

Morphometric evaluation of the infralabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal (IAC) was performed using 20 fresh human temporal bones in order to assess the exposure limitations, inherent risks and technical difficulties that may arise due to common anatomic variations of this region. While performing the infralabyrinthine approach to the IAC, minor problems such as an anteriorly placed sigmoid sinus were easily managed. However, in 50% of the specimens, this approach was limited due to variations of the jugular bulb, restricting access to the IAC. Sacrificing the endolymphatic duct in these specimens did not significantly improve the surgical access to the eighth nerve. Furthermore, it was noted that this approach puts the facial nerve and cochlea under the risk of inadvertent damage during drilling. The authors conclude that vestibular nerve sectioning using the infralabyrinthine approach may be performed only in few selected cases and extreme care is needed in order not to damage the structures that limit this approach.

Adult↗
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Prevention of recurrent cholesteatoma in closed tympanoplasty.

Recurrent cholesteatoma in a series of 534 staged intact canal wall tympanoplasties performed over a 10-year period has been reviewed for the present study. Overall detected incidence of recurrent cholesteatoma is 5.2% (28 of 534 operated ears). A steady decrease of recurrent cholesteatoma was found, however, in the second period of our surgical experience (1978 to 1982) when prevention techniques were adopted in all operations, resulting in a 1.07% incidence (four of 373 operated ears). Our present policy for prevention of recurrent cholesteatoma in intact canal wall tympanoplasties with mastoidectomy includes the use of plastic sheeting with thick Silastic, the repair of bony sulcus defects with cartilage shavings, staging of the operation with preplanned reexploration of the middle ear and mastoid, and transtympanic ventilation tube insertion in cases of refractory tubal insufficiency.

Adult↗
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Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

Twenty patients (15 males; five females) aged 11-70 years, with urinary tract infections were treated with one 250 mg tablet of ciprofloxacin every 12 h for 5-10 days. Clinical response to this treatment was the complete disappearance of symptoms in 85% of cases and the elimination of the micro-organism responsible for infection. In only three patients, who all had urinary calculus in addition to an infection, clinical failure of the therapy occurred and the causative micro-organism persisted. Tolerance to the therapy was excellent in this study, no adverse reactions connected with the treatment being reported.

Adult↗
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Gastroscopy and directed biopsy in the diagnosis of primary gastric lymphomas. Report of 16 personal cases.

The results of an endoscopic bioptic study of 16 cases of primary gastric malignant lymphoma are reported. Endoscopic observation suggested a diagnosis of malignant lymphoma in 50% of the cases, while directed biopsy gave a similar diagnosis in 75% of the cases. A correlation of the endoscopic and the histologic results gave a diagnostic reliability or 87.5% (14 of 16 cases). In order to obtain also in this group of neoplasms the diagnostic positivity already obtained in the epithelial forms, both improvement in the bioptic sampling technique and a better knowledge of the endoscopic morphology of the lesions must be achieved.

Adult↗
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Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary factors as determinants of new primaries among male laryngeal cancer patients: a case-cohort study.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The paper examines the determinants associated with second primary occurrence in laryngeal cancer cases. METHODS: A series of 220 incident male laryngeal cancer cases was interviewed 10 years ago within the framework of a population-based, case-control study. The occurrence of other primaries among these patients was assessed by means of the Lombardy Cancer Registry, which covers their area of residence. The relationship between tobacco, alcohol, dietary factors and the risk of occurrence of new primaries was analyzed by means of a nested case-control study. Cases were defined as those subjects who developed a new primary, and controls as those without. RESULTS: New primaries occurred among 36 subjects during an 8-year follow-up; 147 control cancer patients were matched for age and length of follow-up. A twofold risk increase was associated with the highest tobacco consumption, as registered at time of first primary; a weaker relationship, i.e. risk of 1.2 for the highest tertile, was seen for alcohol drinking. The occurrence of new primaries was also influenced by dietary habits. In particular, those who had a high intake of monosaturated fatty acids had a one-third lower risk of developing a new primary. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that a healthy diet is protective among those who experience a laryngeal neoplasm and suggests that diet could be a potential preventive agent against the occurrence of new primaries among these patients.

Adult↗
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Risk of colorectal cancer following colonoscopic polypectomy.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To follow a cohort of patients who had undergone polypectomies in order to assess the overall risk of subsequent colorectal cancer in relation with various adenomas characteristics. METHODS: A total of 1,063 patients with adenomatous polyps of the large intestine were treated between 1979 and 1996 at the National Cancer Institute of Milan, during a screening program for colorectal carcinoma. Data on patients who had undergone colonoscopies were collected prospectively. The relation between colorectal cancer and adenomas characteristics was assessed by computing the hazard ratio (HR) values and corresponding confidence intervals (95% CI), according to Cox. RESULTS: Of the 1,063 patients who met the eligibility requirements, 672 had single adenomas (63.2%) and 391 had multiple adenomas (36.8%). Histological examination revealed 743 cases of tubular adenoma, 196 cases of tubulo-villous adenoma, and 96 cases of villous adenoma. High-grade dysplasia was found in 3.1% of the cases. During the 8,906 persons/year of follow-up, adenocarcinomas of the large bowel developed in 11 patients. Several adenomas' characteristics at index polypectomy were significant predictors of colorectal cancer occurrence. In univariate analysis the risk of colon cancer was significantly related with multiple adenomas (HR 4.2, 95% CI 1.1-6.5), high-grade dysplasia adenomas (HR 10.0, 95% CI 2.6-38.1) and with adenomas larger than 2 cm (HR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2-20.4). A multivariate stepwise procedure confirmed that the presence of multiple adenomas and presence of high-grade dysplasia are the most important predictors of carcinomas. Hazard ratios for colorectal cancer occurrence, from multivariate Cox's model, were 5.1 (95% CI 1.2-19.9) for multiple compared to single adenomas, and 13.0 (95% CI 3.6-50.7) for adenomas with high-grade dysplasia compared to those with low-grade dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: High-grade dysplasia, number and size of adenomas were confirmed as the major cancer predictors. Based on this conclusion, a subgroup of patients, who may benefit from intensive surveillance colonoscopy, can be identifiable.

Adenoma↗
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Differential expression levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and cathepsin D in locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: clinical implications.

The expression levels and the prognostic impact of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and cathepsin D (CD) were evaluated in patients with locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). uPA and CD protein levels were determined by immunoluminometric or immunoenzymatic assays in the cytosol of paired sets of tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal mucosa (NLM) from 57 patients with stage III/IV LSCC and were correlated with a number of clinicobiological parameters of this tumor including anatomical site, tumor grade, nodal status, clinical stage, DNA ploidy, proliferation rate, and patient outcome. Median uPA levels were significantly higher in LSCC than in NLM (1.8 ng/mg of protein vs 0.3 ng/mg; p<0.001) whereas median CD levels were not significantly increased in tumor tissue compared to NLM (24 pmol/mg vs 19 pmol/mg, p=0.063). No significant correlation was observed between uPA and CD concentrations in tumor tissues (r=-0.1; p=0.4). Furthermore, the distribution analysis of uPA and CD in tumors showed no correlation between expression levels of these proteinases and the parameters mentioned above including patient outcome. However, when data were matched according to each parameter examined it was observed that the differences in uPA content between LSCC and NLM, expressed as uPA tumor/normal tissue ratio (T/M), were more marked in clinically advanced and/or aggressive forms of LSCC (i.e., node positive, stage IV, poorly and moderately differentated, aneuploid multiclonal, low S-phase, subglottis tumors). These data suggest that in such tumors altered regulation of uPA may occur to a greater extent than in less aggressive and less advanced forms of LSCC. This phenomenon was not observed for CD. However, in tumors with a high proliferation rate, in stage IV tumors as well as in those located in the supraglottis, CD levels were significantly higher than those found in the corresponding NLM (p=0.008, p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). In conclusion, uPA is highly expressed in locally advanced LSCC and appears to be implicated in some key events of progression of this tumor such as local invasion and/or nodal involvement, whereas CD does not seem to have a role in promoting these processes. Nevetheless, neither of these proteinases seem to be prognostically useful in patients with stage III/IV tumors.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of association of CYP1 B1*3 polymorphism and ovarian cancer in a Caucasian population.

CYP1B1 is the enzyme with the highest efficiency of conversion of estradiol to 4-hydroxyestradiol in humans. This metabolite has a well-known carcinogenic effect interacting with genomic DNA and has been hypothesized to be partly responsible for the role played by estrogens in ovarian cancer development. A polymorphism has been described for this enzyme causing a Leu to Val substitution in position 432 (CYP1B1*3). The Val432 allele has a higher efficiency of conversion of estradiol to 4-hydroxyestradiol and has been reported to increase the risk of ovarian cancer. A previous study reported a higher, significant prevalence of CYP1B1*3 polymorphism in ovarian cancer patients of mixed ethnicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CYP1B1*3 polymorphism as a risk factor for ovarian cancer in a Caucasian population. The polymorphism frequency was determined in 223 cases of ovarian cancer and compared with that of 280 healthy female blood donors. Genetic analysis was performed on genomic DNA from PBMC and RFLP methods were used for mutation detection. No significant difference between cases and controls was found. These results do not support a favoring role of CYP1B1*3 in ovarian cancer development in our population.

Alleles↗
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Hyperthermic sensitization by the radical initiator 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). I. In vitro studies.

AAPH (2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane dihydrochloride)) is a water-soluble, heat-labile azo compound which undergoes thermal decomposition to produce carbon-centred free radicals. These carbon-centred radicals might be directly cytotoxic or may react with oxygen to produce potentially cytotoxic alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals. The rate of free radical production as a result of AAPH thermal decomposition increases with increasing temperature. We have evaluated the efficacy of AAPH as a heat sensitizer for Chinese hamster V79 cells by the clonogenic assay. AAPH (50 mM) was not cytotoxic to V79 cells at 37 degrees C for exposures up to 3 h. In contrast, AAPH (50 mM) was found to markedly sensitize cells exposed to 42, 43 and 45 degrees C. For a 75 min exposure to 42 degrees C alone, cell survival was reduced to 9 x 10(-1); however, a 75 min exposure at 42 degrees C+AAPH resulted in survival of 5.5 x 10(-4). For 43 and 45.5 degrees C heating, cell survival was potentiated by AAPH at the 1% survival level by 4.1 and 1.4-fold, respectively. AAPH was also found to sensitize both hypoxic cells and thermotolerant cells. These findings would encourage in vivo evaluation of AAPH (or analogues) as a temperature-dependent heat sensitizer. AAPH represents a new class of heat sensitizers which may have use in unravelling the mechanism(s) of heat killing and may have utility in local hyperthermia treatment.

Amidines↗
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[Diagnostic and oncologic updating on gallbladder papilloma. Personal experience and review of the literature].

After a correct definition of the pathologic meaning of "papilloma of gallbladder" and the considerations about the main epidemiologic, pathogenetic and diagnostic guidelines, the authors discuss the meaning of the apparent higher frequency of this pathology in the biliary tract than in the gallbladder localization. This condition probably derives from the precocious appearance of pain or jaundice during choledocal pathology respects to the asymptomatic gallbladder localization. Moreover, using morphological indicators of intracholecistic ultrasonography, the gallbladder's polypoid lesions are divided in group s and for each of the m are indicate d most/actual curative criteria. Currently tendency is to check periodically gallbladder polypoid lesions, and to recure to surgery when the lesion result large more than 1 cm, single, associated with stones, when the patient is older than 50 years and when there is a clear clinical symptomatology. Finally, the authors discuss the malignance evolution of these lesions attaching importance as prognostic role to the study of the K-ras and p-53 proto-oncogenes, because they consider the carcinogenesis like a "multi-step" evolution.

Adult↗
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[Observations concerning an unusual presentation in a case of intestinal duplication].

Duplications of the alimentary canal are an infrequent pathology and may be localised in any part of the digestive tract. According to reports by several authors, the jejunoileal localisation is the most frequent. The authors report the case of a 13-year-old patient with a duplicate ileal tract which remained asymptomatic until hospitalisation was required, whose symptoms at onset resembled the clinical manifestations of acute appendicitis.

Abdomen↗
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Hereditary common cancers: molecular and clinical genetics.

This review focuses on the functional role and structural features of the genes involved in common hereditary cancers. Most of these tumors are sporadic and the genetic alterations responsible for their genesis take place over several cell generations; nevertheless, 5 to 10% of the human tumors are hereditary, with a rapid development. Cancer susceptibility genes have been classified as "gatekeepers" (e.g. RB1, ki-ras) and "caretakers" (e.g. hMLH1 and hMSH2, BRCA1). The first step in identifying individuals at high risk of developing a specific inherited form of cancer, and who should therefore undergo genetic tests, is the detailed construction of family history (an accurate cancer family history that includes at least three generation pedigrees, an appropriate cancer risk assessment and an effective genetic counseling). At present, the most useful methods of risk assessment are those performed on the following genes: BRCA1 and BRCA2 especially for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, hMLH1 and hMSH2 for hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer, APC for familial adenomatous polyposis, ret for medullary thyroid carcinoma, p53 for the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, p16 for melanoma and RB1 for retinoblastoma. In conclusion, the development of new diagnostic tests will permit a more accurate assessment of risk in individuals who have not so far shown any sign or symptom of the disease.

Animals↗
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History, Modern 1601-↗
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History, Ancient↗
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History, Modern 1601-↗