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A Remky

Publications and source records attributed to A Remky.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Retrobulbar haemodynamics and morphometric optic disc analysis in primary open-angle glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies confirmed reduced retrobulbar haemodynamics in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). AIM: To investigate a correlation between retrobulbar haemodynamics and morphometric neuroretinal rim analysis in patients with POAG. METHODS: 51 patients with POAG (mean (standard deviation (SD)) age 65 (11) years) were included in this clinical study. Blood flow velocities (peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV)) of the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery (CRA), posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) and central retinal vein were measured using colour Doppler imaging (Siemens Sonoline Sienna, Erlangen, Germany). Optic disc morphometry was carried out using scanning laser tomography (Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II Heidelberg Egineering Heidelberg, Germany). The stereometric parameters of the neuroretinal rim (rim area, rim volume, cup shape measure and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) cross-sectional area) were used for analysis. RESULTS: The PSV of the CRA was significantly (p<0.001) correlated with rim area (r = 0.50) and rim volume (r = 0.51). The minimum velocities of the central retinal vein were significantly (p<0.001) correlated with rim volume (r = 0.56) and RNFL cross-sectional area (r = 0.49). No correlations were found for the flow velocities of the ophthalmic artery and PCAs. CONCLUSION: Retrobulbar haemodynamics of the central retinal artery and vein are correlated with the neuroretinal rim damage in POAG.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Retrobulbar haemodynamics in non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy.

AIM: To compare retrobulbar haemodynamics in patients with acute non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and age-matched controls by colour Doppler imaging (CDI). METHODS: 25 patients with acute NAION and 35 age-matched controls participated in this study. By means of CDI, the blood flow velocities of the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery (CRA), and nasal and temporal short posterior ciliary arteries (PCAs) were measured. Peak-systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and Pourcelot's resistive index were determined. RESULTS: In the ophthalmic artery, no marked differences between patients with NAION and controls were detected. PSV and EDV of the CRA (p<0.001, p = 0.002) and PSV of the nasal PCA (p<0.05) were significantly decreased in patients with NAION compared with healthy controls. No marked differences between patients and controls were detectable for temporal PCAs. CONCLUSION: Blood flow velocities of the nasal PCA and the CRA are considerably reduced in patients with acute NAION compared with controls. Patients with NAION in part showed markedly different retrobulbar haemodynamics.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

24-h blood pressure monitoring in normal tension glaucoma: night-time blood pressure variability.

Systemic arterial hypotension, hypertension and altered ocular blood flow are known risk factors in glaucoma. In this study, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and controls to evaluate blood pressure variability. In all, 51 patients with NTG and 28 age-matched controls were included in this prospective study. A 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (SpaceLabs Medical Inc., Redmond, USA) was performed and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures were measured every 30 min during daytime (0800-2000) and night time (0000-0600). To evaluate blood pressure variability a variability index was defined as the s.d. of blood pressure measurements. Night-time blood pressure depression ('dip') was calculated (in percent of the daytime blood pressures). Patients with NTG exhibited higher night-time diastolic (P = 0.01) and mean arterial blood pressure values (P = 0.02) compared to controls, whereas systolic blood pressure data were not significantly different. The variability indices of night-time systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure measurements were significantly increased in patients with NTG compared to controls (P < 0.05). The night-time blood pressure depression of systolic (P = 0.47), diastolic (P = 0.11) and mean arterial blood pressures (P = 0.28) was not significantly different between patients with NTG and controls. In conclusion, patients with NTG showed increased variability of night-time blood pressure measurements compared to controls. Increased fluctuation of blood pressure may lead to ocular perfusion pressure fluctuation and may cause ischaemic episodes at the optic nerve head.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Colour Doppler imaging in normal pressure glaucoma patients].

AIM: Ocular hemodynamics is of great interest in glaucoma, especially since vascular disturbances may play a pathogenetic role in disease development. To investigate the hemodynamic differences between normal pressure glaucoma patients and normal volunteers, flow velocities of the retrobulbar vessels were measured by colour Doppler imaging. METHOD: 15 patients with normal pressure glaucoma (NPG) and 15 healthy volunteers underwent colour Doppler imaging (CDI) of the retrobulbar vessels. The patients and the volunteers were especially gender- and age-matched. Peak systolic velocities (PSV), end-diastolic velocities (EDV), and resistive indices (RI) of the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery were obtained. RESULTS: In NPG patients, PSV and EDV in the central retinal artery were significantly decreased, whereas RI was increased in central retinal artery and the ophthalmic artery. CONCLUSION: Colour Doppler imaging is a non-invasive technique that allows further estimation of the ocular circulatory status. Particularly in the group of patients with disturbed hemodynamics, like NPG patients, it was able to show a reduction of the retrobulbar hemodynamics.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Colour Doppler imaging before and after retrobulbar anaesthesia in patients undergoing cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of retrobulbar anaesthesia on retrobulbar haemodynamics, colour Doppler imaging was performed. Furthermore, the additive effect of epinephrine was examined. METHOD: Forty-one patients (age 72.7+/-8.9; 22 f, 19 m) undergoing planned cataract surgery were included in a prospective study. Colour Doppler imaging was performed before and directly after retrobulbar anaesthesia and after cataract surgery to measure the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) in the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery and central retinal vein. In 18 patients lidocaine 2% without additives (2 ml, retrobulbar transconjunctival injection) and in 23 patients lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:200,000 was used. RESULTS: After retrobulbar anaesthesia both groups had a significant reduction of the PSV and of the EDV. After surgery flow velocities increased again. The addition of epinephrine resulted in a significantly greater reduction and slower recovery of flow velocities. CONCLUSION: Retrobulbar anaesthesia induces a marked reduction of velocity in the retrobulbar vessels. The supplement epinephrine increases this effect, and recovery is much slower. Thus, particularly in patients with already disturbed ocular haemodynamics epinephrine should not be used in order to avoid irreversible functional damage.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Recurrence of a retrobulbar neuritis? Classic VEP and missing periocular pain].

BACKGROUND: In young patients with the clinical symptoms of a neuritis neuroradiological imaging is not always necessary. This case report describes a young patient who suffered from a recurrence after 5 years. Since all findings, particularly visual evoked potentials, were classic for neuritis, the patient was treated for neuritis although periocular pain was not present. CASE REPORT: Five years after a neuritis of the left eye (OS), the patient was again referred with a visual loss (VA 0.3 OS). In addition to an afferent pupillary defect OS and a constricted visual field OS, an inter-eye latency difference was demonstrated in the visually evoked potentials. The patient was treated with megadose steroid therapy. Although periocular pain as a classic symptom was absent, no neuroradiological imaging was performed. Six weeks later visual acuity and visual fields further worsened, such that a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging was indicated revealing a meningioma fronto-basally compressing the optic nerve. After neurosurgical intervention visual acuity and field stabilized. CONCLUSIONS: In rare cases, meningioma may mimic the symptoms of neuritis. Therefore, neuroradiological imaging is indicated in recurrences or complicated disease courses, particularly if classic symptoms such as periocular pain are missing.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Effect of retrobulbar versus subconjunctival anaesthesia on retrobulbar haemodynamics.

AIM: To investigate the effect of retrobulbar and subconjunctival anaesthesia on retrobulbar haemodynamics by colour Doppler imaging. METHOD: 39 patients (mean age 71 (SD 9) years; 19 females, 20 males) undergoing planned cataract surgery were included in the prospective study. Colour Doppler imaging (Siemens Sonoline Sienna, Germany) was performed before, directly after either subconjunctival (16 patients) or retrobulbar (23 patients) anaesthesia, and after cataract surgery to measure the peak systolic (PSV) and end diastolic velocities (EDV) in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), and central retinal vein (CRV). RESULTS: After retrobulbar anaesthesia there was a significant reduction of the PSV and of the EDV in all investigated vessels. After surgery the flow velocities increased again. Subconjunctival anaesthesia had no significant effects on retrobulbar haemodynamics. CONCLUSION: Retrobulbar anaesthesia induces a high reduction of velocity in the retrobulbar vessels in contrast with subconjunctival anaesthesia. Therefore subconjunctival anaesthesia should be preferred particularly in patients with problems of the ocular perfusion (for example, glaucoma).

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Blue on yellow perimetry with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in patients with age related macular disease.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The loss of short wavelength sensitive (SWS) cone mechanism sensitivity is related to severe vision loss in patients with age related maculopathy (ARM). A case-control study of patients with ARM and age matched controls was performed, using blue on yellow static perimetry. METHODS: A bright yellow background at 594 nm isolated the responses of short wavelength cone mechanisms to 458 nm targets. A scanning laser ophthalmoscope produced stimuli and provided real time, simultaneous fundus illumination. The macula was probed with 16 Goldmann IV targets, 1-10 degrees from fixation, using a staircase method. RESULTS: 24 patients with non-exudative ARM were matched to 24 subjects with normal fundus appearance. SWS cone pathway sensitivity for macular targets was significantly reduced in the patients with ARM compared to normals--15.45 (SD 4.56) dB v 17.22 (0.28) dB, respectively (p<0.0005). There was not only a diffuse loss of sensitivity in ARM patients, but also a localised loss of sensitivity over drusen (p<0.025). Neither the mean age, 69 (8) years, nor the mean visual acuity differed between groups, logMAR 0.09 (0.10) v 0.05 (0.06) for ARM patients v normals, respectively. Patients with soft drusen had lower sensitivity than those with hard drusen (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A loss of SWS cone pathway sensitivity occurred in most patients with early ARM, despite good visual acuity, demonstrating a loss of visual function that cannot be attributed to ageing changes. The loss of sensitivity, despite good visual acuity, included both a diffuse loss and localised losses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Defect closure with scleral grafts].

BACKGROUND: Excessively draining fistulas may lead to enucleation when primary suture closure is not effective. In these cases preserved cadaver tissues such as sclera, fascia lata, dura mater and peritoneum have been used for patch graft repair with variable results. In this study, the clinical outcomes after transplantation of scleral patch grafts have been investigated. METHOD: Twenty-eight eyes of twenty-seven patients underwent surgery with homologous scleral patch grafts for repair of excessively draining scleral fistulas after cataract surgery (n = 2), leaking filtering blebs following full-thickness filtration surgery (n = 7), large scleral perforations due to trauma (n = 7), corneo-scleral ulcerations due to severe eye burns (n = 9) or after radiotherapy of malignant melanoma (n = 3). The mean size of the rectangular grafts was 8.6 x 6.7 mm (+/- 2.8/3.1 mm). Clinical follow-up was up to 73 months (median 30 months). RESULTS: Twenty-three of 28 eyes (82.1 %) showed functional closure after initial surgery without any wound complication such as patch retraction or leakage and without evidence of inflammation. In five eyes surgical revision was necessary. Two of these eyes had to be enucleated due to uncontrollable dehiscence after the second operation. Two eyes were enucleated at the patient's demand due to pain. The fifth eye showed effective closure after the second operation. CONCLUSION: In our study scleral patch grafts were useful in adequately closing large corneo-scleral defects in 24 of 28 eyes (85.7 %). The antigen load and, therefore, the rejection of the scleral grafts is minimized due to the denaturation of proteins during the alcohol treatment before storage.

Eye Injuries, Penetrating↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of colour Doppler imaging and retinal scanning laser fluorescein angiography in healthy volunteers and normal pressure glaucoma patients.

PURPOSE: To correlate retinal circulatory measurements using scanning laser fluorescein angiography and flow velocities of retrobulbar vessels measured by means of colour Doppler imaging. METHODS: Fifteen patients with normal pressure glaucoma (NPG) and 15 healthy volunteers underwent colour Doppler imaging and fluorescein angiographic studies. Peak systolic velocities (PSVs), end-diastolic velocities (EDVs) and resistive indices (RIs) of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and central retinal artery were obtained. In the fluorescein angiograms arteriovenous passage time (AVP) was quantified by means of digital dye dilution curve analysis. RESULTS: Arteriovenous passage time was significantly prolonged in NPG patients compared to healthy subjects (p = 0.0026). In the central retinal artery PSV (p = 0.023) and EDV (p < 0.0001) were significantly decreased and RI was increased (p < 0.0001) in patients with NPG. The EDV of the central retinal artery showed a significant correlation with AVP (EDV: r = - 0.53, p = 0.0023). The RI of the central retinal artery correlated significantly to AVP (RI: r = 0.63, p < 0.0001). The AVP did not correlate to EDV or PSV, nor to the RI measured in the ophthalmic artery. CONCLUSION: Arteriovenous passage time, which represents blood flow in a vascular segment of artery, capillary bed and corresponding vein, was found to be correlated to the EDV and the RI of the central retinal artery. The combination of different techniques allows further interpretation of ocular circulatory responses.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effects of brinzolamide on ocular haemodynamics in healthy volunteers.

AIM: A prospective, randomised study to evaluate effects of brinzolamide on ocular haemodynamics in healthy volunteers. METHODS: 30 volunteers (12 men, 18 women; 28.3 (SD 7.8) years) were prospectively randomised to either brinzolamide or placebo during a 2 week double masked treatment trial. Examinations were performed at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment. Intraocular pressure was measured and automatic static perimetry (Humphrey field analyser, 24-2) and contrast sensitivity (CSV 1000, Vector Vision) were performed. Retrobulbar blood flow velocities (peak systolic and end diastolic velocity) and resistive indices (RI) of ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery and of temporal and nasal short posterior ciliary arteries were measured by colour Doppler imaging (Sonoline Sienna Siemens). In video fluorescein angiograms (scanning laser ophthalmoscope, Rodenstock) arteriovenous passage time (AVP, dilution curves) and peripapillary diameters of retinal arterioles and venules were measured by means of digital image analysis. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure was significantly decreased by brinzolamide (p<0.0001). Neither brinzolamide nor placebo changed visual field global indices after treatment. Contrast sensitivity at 3 cycles per degree was significantly higher in the placebo group (p<0.05). Apart from an increase of RI in ophthalmic artery under placebo treatment (p<0.05) there was no effect in retrobulbar haemodynamics in both groups. Brinzolamide therapy alone resulted in a significant reduction of AVP compared to baseline (p<0.05), while peripapillary retinal vessels diameters remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from the expected decrease of intraocular pressure brinzolamide showed no significant change in retrobulbar haemodynamics, but a significant shortening of AVP. Since in glaucoma AVP is prolonged indicating vascular dysfunction this effect might be beneficial in glaucoma therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Colour Doppler imaging and fluorescein filling defects of the optic disc in normal tension glaucoma.

AIM: To investigate the relation between blood flow parameters of the retrobulbar vessels measured by means of colour Doppler imaging (CDI) and fluorescein filling defects of the optic nerve head in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and control subjects. METHODS: 29 patients with NTG and 29 age and sex matched control subjects were included in this study. Blood flow velocities-peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive indices (RI) of the ophthalmic artery (OA), the central retinal artery (CRA), and of the temporal and nasal short posterior ciliary arteries (TPCA, NPCA)-were measured with CDI. Fluorescein angiograms were performed with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The extent of absolute fluorescein filling defects of the optic nerve head in relation to the optic nerve head was assessed. RESULTS: The PSV of the OA, the PSV and EDV of the CRA, and of the TPCA and NPCA were significantly reduced in NTG (p<0.05). The RI of the CRA, the TPCA and NPCA were significantly increased in NTG (p<0.01). The optic nerve head fluorescein filling defects were significantly larger in NTG (p<0.01). The filling defects were significantly negatively correlated (p<0.05) with the PSV and EDV of the CRA (PSV(CRA): r = -0.41; EDV(CRA): r = -0.34), with the PSV and EDV of the NPCA (PSV(NPCA): r = -0.34; EDV(NPCA): r = -0.38), and with the EDV of the TPCA (r = -0.29). A significant positive correlation (p<0.05) was found with the RI of both PCAs (RI(NPCA): r = 0.28; RI(TPCA): r = 0.29). CONCLUSION: Patients with NTG had reduced blood flow velocities and higher resistive indices in most retrobulbar vessels. Optic nerve head fluorescein filling defects were larger compared to controls. The filling defects were correlated with end diastolic velocities and resistive indices of the PCAs and with blood flow velocities of the CRA. Capillary loss of the optic nerve head may be related to higher downstream resistance and reduced blood flow velocities of the retrobulbar vessels.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2002

Capillary density and retinal diameter measurements and their impact on altered retinal circulation in glaucoma: a digital fluorescein angiographic study.

AIM: Normal pressure glaucoma (NPG) patients exhibit prolonged retinal arteriovenous passage times in fluorescein angiography and colour Doppler imaging suggests increased resistance downstream from the central retinal and posterior ciliary arteries. The aim of the study was to elucidate the morphological source of decreased perfusion and increased resistance of the ocular circulation in NPG. METHODS: Retinal arteriovenous passage time (AVP) and peripapillary arterial and venous diameters were measured in digital scanning laser fluorescein angiograms. For estimation of retinal capillary density the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and the perifoveal intercapillary area (PIA) was quantified. 36 patients with NPG (mean age 57 (SD 13) years) and 21 healthy subjects (mean age 51 (13) years) were enrolled in the comparative study. RESULTS: In NPG patients the AVP (2.55 (1.1) seconds) was significantly prolonged (p<0.001) when compared with healthy subject data (AVP: 1.70 (0.39) seconds). No differences for arterial or venous diameter, FAZ, and PIA were observed in NPG patients compared with healthy subjects. FAZ, PIA, arterial and venous diameter were not correlated with visual field indices (except venous diameter with PSD, r=0.35 (p<0.05)) or cup to disc ratios. AVP was significantly correlated (p<0.05) with the size of the optic nerve head (r=-0.28), visual field indices (MD: r=-0.3; PSD: r=0.3; CPSD: r=0.3), and contrast sensitivity (r=-0.34). CONCLUSION: AVP times are significantly prolonged in NPG. The slowing of the retinal transit does not result from capillary dropout, or changes of peripapillary arterial or venous diameters with increased vascular resistance.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2001

[Absolute filling defects of the optic disc in fluorescein angiograms in glaucoma--a retrospective clinical study].

BACKGROUND: Analysis of clinical importance of the size of filling defects in fluorescein angiograms in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), ocular hypertension and subjects with physiological excavations in comparison to visual field loss, optic nerve head morphology and hemodynamics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 75 patients (POAG, NTG, ocular hypertension) and 10 healthy subjects with physiological excavations were included in this study. In digitized video fluorescein angiograms (Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope) the size of absolute filling defects of the optic disc was quantified in the early venous phase and expressed by percentage of the optic disc. Visual fields were obtained by conventional static perimetry (Humphrey 24-2) and graded in stages of glaucoma visual field defects (Aulhorn I-V). Optic disc excavations were evaluated as cup-to-disc-area-ratios. RESULTS: The filling defects correlated with the visual-field loss stages of Aulhorn and the visual field indices MD (mean deviation), PSD (pattern standard deviation) and CPSD (corrected pattern standard deviation). There was no correlation with the index SF (short-term fluctuation) and with systemic hemodynamics (blood pressure, perfusion pressure) or the IOP. Absolute filling defects correlated with the cup-to-disc-area-ratio in NTG. The absolute filling defects were larger in patients with glaucoma (POAG, NTG) in comparison to patients without glaucomatous visual field loss (ocular hypertension, glaucoma-like discs). No difference of filling defects was found in the glaucoma group (POAG, NTG). Patients with NTG had larger excavations and lower systolic blood pressures than patients with POAG. CONCLUSION: The size of fluorescein filling defects may be useful as a parameter for the evaluation of an ischemic lesion of the optic nerve head. Absolute filling defects may differentiate POAG from ocular hypertension and NTG from glaucoma-like discs without field defects. The results support the hypothesis that in POAG and NTG disturbances of the circulation result in similar filling defects of the optic disc and visual field loss.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Short wavelength automated perimetry in age related maculopathy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Previous studies reported the predictive value of the short wavelength sensitive (SWS) cone mediated sensitivity for visual outcome in age related macular degeneration. In this study SWS sensitivity was measured by commercially available blue on yellow perimetry in patients with non-exudative age related maculopathy (ARM) and compared with the presence of morphological risk factors and the status of the fellow eye. METHODS: In a prospective cross sectional study, 126 patients (57 males, 69 females, mean age 71 (SD 6) years) with ARM (visual acuity >20/50) were tested. Central visual fields (blue on yellow) were obtained with a conventional perimeter. Fundus slides were graded by two independent observers for soft drusen and presence of focal hyperpigmentation. RESULTS: Mean sensitivity and standard deviation of all patients exhibited a significant reduction with age. Patients with soft drusen had significantly lower sensitivity than those without, whereas there were no differences in visual acuity (log MAR). Sensitivity was also reduced in those eyes with fellow eyes having a sight threatening complication of age related macular degeneration (AMD). Eyes with focal hyperpigmentation compared with those without had no loss of sensitivity, but did have a significant decrease in the central part of the field compared with the more eccentric. CONCLUSION: SWS sensitivity loss is associated with common risk factors for progression to AMD. Short wavelength automated perimetry is moderately rapid and readily available. It may serve as a tool in future ARM trials.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Blue-on-yellow perimetry with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope: small alterations in the central macula with aging.

The sensitivity of short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) cone pathways was measured in the central fields of 74 normal subjects, aged 17-86 yr, with healthy maculas. The new fundus perimetry technique used a research scanning laser ophthalmoscope with a small entrance pupil to present blue static perimetry targets on a bright yellow background. Simultaneous infrared imaging aided target positioning and rapid assessment of potential pathology in elderly subjects. Targets were positioned peripheral to fixation, avoiding both the SWS-cone-free area and the peak macular pigment, determined in 11 subjects. Sensitivity declined 0.019 log unit per decade, while intraindividual variability across loci increased. The nasal-temporal asymmetry remained constant. Sensitivity of older subjects was relatively less for the most central targets but was unrelated to transmission through macular pigment. Retinal changes with age occur to differing extents or at differing rates and are readily detectable in the central macula.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Intra-individual variability of blue-yellow perimetry].

BACKGROUND: Short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) is a sensitive method in detection of early glaucomatous damage. In this study, we compared intra-subject variability of global indices of SWAP and conventional white-on-white perimetry (WWP) in normal clinical conditions (without correction for lens yellowing). METHODS: SWAP and WWP (Humphrey field analyzer, 24-2 field, full threshold strategy) was performed in 68 eyes with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect and at the same day. The tests were repeated within 45 days (mean follow-up 16 +/- 13 days). RESULTS: At the follow-up test the mean defect was significantly reduced for both conditions, more pronounced for SWAP. Pattern standard deviation remained statistically equal for both conditions. The coefficient of correlation of baseline to follow-up was for SWAP PSD 0.88 with a slope of 1.05, for WWP PSD 0.7 with a slope of 0.83. The coefficient of variation for PSD was 17% for SWAP and 34% for WWP. CONCLUSIONS: The low intraindividual variability of SWAP enables early detection of glaucomatous field damage in the follow-up.

Adult↗