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Biomedical subjects

A Reinthaller

Publications and source records attributed to A Reinthaller.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Combined PEG liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine are active and have acceptable toxicity in patients with platinum-refractory and -resistant ovarian cancer after previous platinum-taxane therapy: a phase II Austrian AGO study.

OBJECTIVES: Platinum resistance is a significant problem in patients with ovarian cancer. The aim of this phase II study was to define the response rates, the progression-free survival and the toxicity profile of the combination of PEG liposomal doxorubicin (L-DXR) and gemcitabine (GEM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty one patients with histologically confirmed platinum-refractory or -resistant epithelial ovarian cancer were scheduled to receive 6 cycles of L-DXR 30 mg/m(2) on day 1 as well as GEM 650 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 every 28 days. RESULTS: The median number of chemotherapy cycles given was 4. The mean dose intensity for L-DXR and GEM on day 1 was 96% and 97%, respectively. The mean dose intensity for GEM on day 8 was 93%. The overall response rate was 33% (10 of 30 evaluable patients; 20% complete responses). The median progression-free survival was 3.8 months, and the median overall survival was 15.8 months, respectively. Toxicity was acceptable. One quarter of patients developed grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, but none developed febrile neutropenia. Palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) grades 2 and 3 occurred in 13% and 3% only, respectively, and no grade 4 PPE was observed. Grades 1 to 3 stomatitis was found in 58% of patients (10% grade 3). CONCLUSION: The combination of L-DXR and GEM is an active and acceptably tolerated option in the treatment of patients with platinum-resistant and -refractory ovarian cancer. Dose reductions seem advisable in the case of > or =grade 2 stomatitis and/or PPE > or =grade 2.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Lymphatic mapping of sentinel nodes in early vulvar cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection using a gamma probe in patients suffering from vulvar cancer. METHODS: From May 1998 to November 2000, 26 patients with early vulvar cancer, planned for local wide excision or vulvectomy including groin dissection, were eligible for the study. Two to 3 h before the planned procedure we injected technetium(99) m-labeled microcolloid intradermally at four locations around the tumor. Dynamic and static images were recorded using a gamma camera. SLN locations were marked on the overlying skin. In the operating theater SLNs were identified at the beginning of the procedure using a handheld gamma-detection probe. After resection of suspected SLNs a standard unilateral or bilateral groin dissection was performed, subsequently followed by local wide excision or, if indicated, radical vulvectomy. Sentinel node detection using technetium(99) m-labeled microcolloid was compared with final histopathological and immunohistochemical results. RESULTS: Scintigraphy showed focal uptake in all 26 patients. Intraoperatively we detected all sentinel nodes by handheld gamma probe. In 20 patients, one sentinel node was identified unilaterally, while in 6 patients two or more nodes were identified bilaterally. Histologically positive SLNs were found in 9 patients. In our preliminary series we did not find any false-negative SLN. CONCLUSION: Identification of sentinel nodes in vulvar cancer is feasible with preoperatively administered technetium(99)m-labeled microcolloid. We confirm the results of previous studies and improve the evidence that the SLN procedure could be implemented in future therapy concepts.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Is high-risk human papillomavirus infection associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia eliminated after conization by large-loop excision of the transformation zone?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether high-risk HPV infection associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was successfully eliminated after electrosurgical conization by large-loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). STUDY DESIGN: 142 women, who were admitted for conization of CIN 1-3 were recruited into a prospective follow-up study of HPV infection, including cervical sampling for HPV DNA before, and then 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. We examined whether there were any differences in the rate of HPV DNA positivity after LLETZ between specific risk groups, such as patients with primary (i.e. before surgical treatment) high-risk HPV infection, CIN of different grades, and positive margins. RESULTS: We did not detect statistically significant differences between specific risk groups. According to the assay used (hybrid capture II) at the last follow-up visit 94% of primarily infected patients were completely free from infection with high-risk HPV types, while 6% had persisting HPV infection. CONCLUSIONS: With a detection limit of 5000 genomes/ml HPV DNA the hybrid capture II results revealed, that after electrosurgical removal of CIN in 94% of patients testing positive for high-risk HPV DNA prior to surgery were negative 12 months post-surgery.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed2001

Port site metastases after laparoscopic lymph node staging of cervical carcinoma.

The literature revealed only six cases of cervical carcinoma metastatic to a port site after laparoscopic lymphadenectomy. A woman with a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix had port site metastases after laparoscopic lymph node staging. The frequency of this event might be higher than expected. Therefore, surgeons should reduce mechanical irritation of port sites and spillage of tumor cells.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

The clinical value of serum concentrations of cancer antigen 125 in patients with primary fallopian tube carcinoma: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare disease, and data on the serum concentration of tumor marker cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) in patients with this disease are sparse. The authors assessed the clinical value of the serum concentration of CA 125 as a prognostic and monitoring marker in patients with surgically treated PFTC. METHODS: In a multicenter study, the concentration of CA 125 was measured in 406 serum samples from 53 patients with PFTC. The results were correlated with clinical data. RESULTS: The pretreatment median serum CA 125 level was 183 U/mL (range, 6.5-5440.0 U/mL) in patients with PFTC. In a univariate Cox regression model, tumor stage and serum CA 125 level were associated significantly with shortened disease free survival (P = 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively) and with overall survival (P = 0.03 and P = 0. 001, respectively). Lymph node involvement, tumor grade, and patient age were not associated with the length of survival. A multivariate Cox regression model showed that pretreatment the serum CA 125 level was a prognostic factor of disease free and overall survival, independent of tumor stage (P = 0.005 and P = 0.01, respectively). The pretreatment serum CA 125 level was correlated with tumor stage (P < 0.001) but not with lymph node involvement (P = 0.8), histologic grade (P = 0.3), or patient age (P = 0.2). The serum CA 125 level during chemotherapy was correlated significantly with Gynecologic Oncology Group response criteria to chemotherapy (P = 0. 001). During the follow-up of patients, serum CA 125 levels reached sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 92%, 90%, 67%, and 98%, respectively, for differentiating between no evidence of disease and the presence of recurrent disease. In 90% of the patients, an increase of serum CA 125 level preceded the clinical or radiologic diagnosis of recurrent disease with a median lead time of 3 months (range, 0.5-7.0 months). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study to date with respect to serum CA 125 levels in patients with PFTC. The current data indicate that the pretreatment serum CA 125 level is an additional independent prognostic factor of disease free and overall survival in patients with PFTC. The serum CA 125 level adequately defines the response to chemotherapy and displays good sensitivity and specificity characteristics during the follow-up of patients with PFTC.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

p53 polymorphism at codon 72--does it constitute a risk for squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cancer of the cervix in Central Europeans?

BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms of the tumour suppresser gene p53 especially at codon 72 are suspected to be associated with an increased risk for malignant transformation. In invasive cervical cancer, the arginine form of the p53 gene is estimated to be more susceptible to degradation mediated by tumour-associated human papilloma viruses (HPV) than the proline form. METHODS: To test the prevalence of p53 polymorphism at codon 72 in 133 healthy women, 50 patients suffering from squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix (SIL), and 105 patients with invasive cervical cancer, we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microtiter plate-based hybridisation assay. Furthermore, we tested whether the two p53 isoforms increased the risk of developing cervical cancer. RESULTS: The proportions of individual homozygous for arginine, homozygous for proline and heterozygous for arginine and proline in the investigated patient groups did not significantly deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. We found no increased risk of developing cervical cancer in respect to p53 polymorphism, independent of histological diagnosis. DISCUSSION: In conformity with other study groups, our findings do not support the hypothesis that the p53 polymorphism at codon 72 is important in determining an increased risk of developing HPV-associated SIL or invasive cervical cancer in Central Europeans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Serum soluble Fas levels in ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of serum soluble Fas levels as a prognostic marker for survival of women with ovarian cancer and as a discriminator between benign and malignant adnexal masses. METHODS: Serum soluble Fas levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 52 women with ovarian cancer, 30 women with benign ovarian cysts, and 35 healthy women. RESULTS: Median serum soluble Fas levels in women with ovarian cancer, women with benign ovarian cysts, and healthy women were 3.7 (range 1.6-14.5), 2.3 (range 1.3-4.1), and 1.5 ng/mL (range 0.1-5.6), respectively (P <. 001). A univariate logistic regression model showed a significant influence of serum soluble Fas and CA 125 levels on the odds of presenting with ovarian cancer versus benign cysts (P <.001 and P =. 001, respectively). In a multivariable logistic regression model for soluble Fas and CA 125, both markers showed a statistically significant influence on the odds of presenting with ovarian cancer versus benign cysts (P =.01 and P =.01, respectively). Increased pretreatment serum soluble Fas levels were associated with shortened disease-free and overall survival (P =.002 and P =.001, respectively). A multivariable Cox regression model identified serum soluble Fas levels as a significant prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival, independent of tumor stage (P =. 04 and P =.03, respectively). CONCLUSION: Soluble Fas levels might be useful as a discriminator between benign ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer, adding to the information obtained with the use of the established tumor marker CA 125. Pretreatment serum soluble Fas levels also might be an independent prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed2000

Accuracy of intraoperative frozen-section diagnosis in stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma.

The purpose of our study was to determine if frozen-section diagnosis accurately identified patients suffering from endometrial adenocarcinoma FIGO stage I for surgical staging consisting of total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, peritoneal cytology, and complete bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy in moderately differentiated tumors with myometrial invasion. In all poorly differentiated tumors, and in all tumors with deep myometrial invasion (more than 50%) surgical staging included additional para-aortic lymphadenectomy. We performed a retrospective study including 70 patients. Frozen-section diagnosis of myometrial invasion and tumor grade was compared with permanent-section diagnosis. The accuracy rates were determined, and compared with accuracy rates of frozen-section diagnosis in the literature, and a total accuracy rate for 624 patients suffering from stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma was evaluated. In our patient collective, the overall accuracy rate of frozen-section diagnosis for myometrial invasion and tumor grade was 80 and 84%, respectively. In the five comparable studies, the mean accuracy rate for myometrial invasion and tumor grade was 89 and 84%, respectively. In combination with the five comparable studies our recent study produced an accuracy rate of frozen-section diagnosis for myometrial invasion and tumor grade of 88 and 84% in 624 patients, respectively. Despite an accuracy level of frozen-section diagnosis for myometrial invasion of 80 and 84% for tumor grade in our patient collective, all patients who required surgical staging were accurately identified.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Serum concentrations of squamous-cell carcinoma antigen and tissue polypeptide antigen in the follow-up of patients with vulvar cancer.

Our aim was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of serum concentrations of squamous-cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) in the follow-up of patients with vulvar cancer. We measured SCC-Ag and TPA in 480 serum samples of 82 patients with squamous-cell vulvar cancer. Results were correlated with clinical data. SCC-Ag, TPA and the combination of SCC-Ag and TPA reached a sensitivity and specificity of 27%/97%, 28%/75% and 40%/73%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the marker combination SCC-Ag and TPA was not significantly higher compared with SCC-Ag alone (McNemar's test, p = 0.6 and p = 0.09, respectively). Of the 35 patients with recurrent disease during follow-up, 19, 6 and 10 developed local, regional and distant recurrent disease, respectively. SCC-Ag showed lead-time effects in 26%, 75% and 50% and TPA in 25%, 0% and 33% of patients with local, regional and distant recurrent disease, respectively. The combination of SCC-Ag and TPA showed lead-time effects in 50%, 75% and 50% of patients with local, regional and distant recurrent disease, respectively. The difference between median lead-times of the combination of SCC-Ag and TPA and SCC-Ag alone was not statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U-test, p = 0.4). Our data show that serum SCC-Ag displays good sensitivity/specificity characteristics in the follow-up of vulvar cancer patients, with lead-time effects seen in 75% and 50% of patients with regional and distant recurrent disease, respectively. Furthermore, our data indicate that combining SCC-Ag with TPA is not a successful strategy to improve the sensitivity or the duration of lead-time effects in the follow-up of patients with vulvar cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Serum concentrations of squamous cell carcinoma antigen in patients with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and vulvar cancer.

Our aim was to evaluate whether serum concentrations of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) are an independent prognostic factor in patients with vulvar cancer. We measured SCC-Ag in pretreatment serum samples of 55 patients with squamous cell vulvar cancer, 30 patients with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) grade III and 50 healthy female controls. The results were compared with clinical data. Median serum concentrations of SCC-Ag in healthy female controls, patients with VIN III, and patients with invasive vulvar cancer were 0.5 (range 0.1 to 3.8) ng/mL, 0.5 (range 0 to 4.1) ng/mL and 1.6 (range 0.3 to 65) ng/mL, respectively (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.001). The 75% quantile of serum concentrations of SCC-Ag in patients with vulvar cancer was defined as cut-off level. Elevated pretreatment serum concentrations of SCC-Ag were significantly correlated with a shorter disease-free and overall survival (log-rank test, p=0.002; and p<0.001, respectively). A multivariate Cox regression model showed that serum concentrations of SCC-Ag are a prognostic factor of disease-free and overall survival independent of tumour stage (multivariate Cox regression model, p=0.03; and p=0.048, respectively). Pre-treatment serum concentrations of SCC-Ag were not correlated with tumour stage, histological grade and patients' age. In summary, our data indicate that serum concentrations of SCC-Ag may be an additional independent prognostic factor of disease-free and overall survival in patients with vulvar cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 serum levels in ovarian cancer patients.

The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is an important mediator of monocyte infiltration in various solid tumours of epithelial origin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of MCP-1 in the natural history of ovarian cancer and to determine its value as differentiation marker and prognostic marker regarding disease free and overall survival. This retrospective study comprises 86 patients with ovarian cancer, 48 with primary ovarian cancer and 38 with recurrent ovarian cancer, 67 patients with benign ovarian cysts and 42 healthy women. Median serum levels in patients with primary ovarian cancer, recurrent ovarian cancer, benign ovarian cysts and in healthy women were 535.6 (range 129.6-1200) pg ml(-1), 427.3 (range 193.4-1101) pg ml(-1), 371.2 (range 222-986.8) pg ml(-1) and 318.7 (range 241.3-681.4) pg ml(-1) respectively (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.001). Univariate logistic regression models revealed a significant influence of MCP-1 serum levels on the odds of presenting with primary ovarian cancer versus benign cysts and versus healthy women respectively (univariate logistic regression, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 respectively). In a multivariate logistic regression model considering MCP-1 and CA 125 serum levels simultaneously, both MCP-1 and CA 125 revealed statistical significance on the odds of presenting with primary ovarian cancer versus benign cysts (multivariate logistic regression, P = 0.05 and P < 0.001 respectively). In ovarian cancer patients, MCP-1 serum levels showed a statistically significant correlation with histological grade (Mann-Whitney U-test, P = 0.02) and age at the time of diagnosis (Mann-Whitney U-test, P = 0.03). Elevated MCP-1 serum levels prior to therapy were not associated with disease-free and overall survival (log-rank test, P = 0.2 and P = 0.7 respectively). In summary these data indicate that MCP-1 might play a functional role in the natural history of ovarian cancer and might serve as differentiation marker between benign ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer, providing additional information to the established tumour marker CA 125.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

BRCA1 gene mutations in sporadic ovarian carcinomas: detection by PCR and reverse allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization.

BACKGROUND: Although germline mutations in BRCA1 play a central role in familial breast and ovarian cancers, to date, no somatic mutations in BRCA1 have been reported in sporadic breast cancer, and only five somatic mutations have been identified in the sporadic ovarian carcinomas. Because loss of heterozygosity appears frequently at the BRCA1 locus in nonfamilial breast and ovarian carcinomas, we searched for mutations in the BRCA1 gene in sporadic ovarian tumors. METHODS: We developed a detection system based on PCR and reverse allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization on membrane strips for the simultaneous detection of 17 frequently occurring mutations in the BRCA1 gene. RESULTS: As little as 2% mutant DNA in a sample could be detected. Two of 122 DNA samples isolated from sporadic ovarian tumor biopsies contained the Cys61Gly mutation. Both mutations were germline mutations. One of these was an ovarian metastasis of a primary fallopian tube carcinoma. The tubal carcinoma was also confirmed to contain the Cys61Gly mutation. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report that a germline BRCA1 mutation is associated with primary tubal carcinoma. The 17 specific mutations in the BRCA1 gene do not play a major role in the tumorigenesis and progression of sporadic ovarian cancer.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in vulvar cancer.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with vulvar cancer and healthy female controls with respect to correlation of VEGF with clinicopathological parameters and impact on the patients' prognosis. Serum concentrations of VEGF were measured using a commercially available ELISA. Results were correlated to clinical data. Median serum concentrations of VEGF in patients with vulvar cancer (n = 41) and healthy female controls (n = 130) were 260 (range, 33-1216) pg/ml and 216 (range, 0-777) pg/ml, respectively (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.048). Serum concentrations of VEGF significantly correlated with tumor stage (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.02) but not with histological grade (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.2). In a univariate analysis, elevated pretreatment serum concentrations of VEGF were significantly correlated with a shortened disease-free and overall survival (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.03; and Wilcoxon test, P = 0.04, respectively). A multivariate Cox regression model considering tumor stage and serum concentrations of VEGF revealed, however, that serum concentrations of VEGF did not confer additional prognostic information to that already obtained by the established prognosticator tumor stage (multivariate Cox regression model: P = 0.9 and P = 0.8, respectively). Our data indicate that angiogenesis, as reflected by serum concentrations of VEGF, plays a functional role in vulvar carcinogenesis. VEGF seems to be a mediator of vulvar tumor growth but not of tumor cell dedifferentiation. Although associated with impaired disease-free and overall survival, pretreatment serum concentrations of VEGF are not an independent predictor of outcome in patients with vulvar cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cytosol concentrations of CD44 isoforms in breast cancer tissue.

The role of the adhesion molecule CD44 in the natural history of breast cancer is controversial. We investigated the CD44 isoform CD44v5 and CD44v6 concentrations in the cytosol of 90 breast cancer specimens, 9 fibroadenomas and 22 normal breast tissue specimens by means of ELISA. CD44v5 and CD44v6 cytosol concentrations were statistically significantly higher in breast cancer compared with fibroadenoma and normal breast tissue (Mann-Whitney U-test, p = 0.009 and p < 0.001, respectively). When CD44 isoforms were correlated with lymph node involvement, histological grading, histological type, tumor stage and age at diagnosis, we found no statistically significant correlation with any of the investigated clinico-pathological parameters. In univariate and multivariate analyses, CD44v5 and CD44v6 were of no prognostic relevance regarding disease-free survival in breast cancer patients (log-rank test, p = 0.16 and p = 0.08, respectively). Our results indicate that CD44 isoforms are increased in samples from tumors relative to normal tissue. Our data show that CD44v5 and CD44v6 isoform expression, although up-regulated by malignant transformation, is not required to acquire a metastatic phenotype in breast cancer. Furthermore, our data support the assumption that cytosolic CD44 isoforms are of no prognostic relevance for disease-free survival of breast cancer patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Tissue polypeptide specific antigen in the follow-up of ovarian and cervical cancer patients.

This retrospective study includes 425 serological examinations of 40 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and 356 serological examinations of 33 patients with squamous cell cervical cancer. The serum levels of the tumor markers tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA 125) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) were determined. Cutoff values of 93 U/l for TPS, 3 microg/l for SCC and 37 U/ml for CA 125 were selected according to the 95th percentile of serum concentrations measured in healthy control patients. For ovarian cancer sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of TPS were 67%, 84%, 59% and 90%, respectively. In 27 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, CA 125 and TPS showed lead time effects in 8 and 11 cases, respectively. The combination of CA 125 and TPS provided lead time in 14 cases of recurrent disease with a time range from I to 23 months (median 3.9 months). In cervical cancer, TPS showed a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 64%, 90%, 85% and 68%, respectively. In 16 patients with recurrent cervical cancer, SCC and TPS showed lead time effects in 7 and 8 cases, respectively. The combination of SCC and TPS provided lead time effects in 12 cases with a time range from 0.5 to 6 months (median 3.5 months). Our data indicate that TPS is a valuable tool in the follow-up of patients with ovarian or cervical cancer. However, TPS does not appear to be adequate to replace tumor markers CA 125 and SCC.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1998

Absence of p53 protein overexpression in precancerous lesions of the vulva.

BACKGROUND: Recently the authors reported the prognostic value of p53 protein overexpression in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of p53 overexpression and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in patients with precancerous lesions of the vulva. METHODS: Biopsy specimens of 28 women (mean age, 44.2 years; range, 19-71 years) with warty and/or basaloid type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) of Grade 1 to 3 were examined retrospectively for p53 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry. The presence of the HPV genome was assessed using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with consensus primers directed against the L1 coding region. RESULTS: Neither the preoperative punch biopsy specimen nor the subsequent surgical specimen contained immunohistochemically detectable levels of p53 in this study of a group of younger women with preinvasive vulvar lesions. These results are in contrast to those obtained previously in older women with keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma demonstrating p53 protein overexpression in approximately 50% of patients. HPV DNA was detected in the vast majority of VIN cases (92.8%) using a highly sensitive nested PCR method. The current data indicate that p53 protein is not overexpressed in basaloid/warty VIN when evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In addition, this study confirms previous reports demonstrating the presence of HPV DNA in the majority of these lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that p53 protein overexpression is not an early event in the pathogenesis of basaloid/warty type vulvar dysplasia and that HPV infection may contribute to the development of VIN.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix: case report and review of the literature.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the female genital tract usually occurs during childhood in the vagina. In rare cases, RMS can originate in the uterine cervix, with a peak incidence in the second decade. A combined modality approach to treating RMS using multidrug chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery has markedly improved survival. Early stage embryonal RMS of the cervix has been found to have an excellent prognosis. The present case and literature review indicate that extensive surgery does not improve survival in patients with stage I disease.

Adult↗