State regulation of midwives: issues and options.
In the United States, state governments play a central role in determining the extent to which midwives can provide care to women and babies. State laws and regulations establish midwives' scope of practice, set licensure requirements, and frequently determine their ability to get paid and obtain access to health care facilities. For certified nurse-midwives (CNMs), state regulation has evolved from a haphazard patchwork of highly variable regulatory models into a fairly uniform set of rules and requirements from one state to the next. For direct entry midwives (DEMs), there is much less uniformity, with some states outlawing practice by any midwife who is not a CNM, whereas other states have established rigorous standards and requirements for the licensure of DEMs. This article provides a broad overview of these state regulatory variables for both CNMs and DEMs, and explores issues and options that both state regulators and midwives should consider when developing or amending state laws and regulations governing their practice. In particular, the role of the state in regulating the practice of the certified midwife (CM) is examined in the context of existing regulatory frameworks for CNMs and DEMs.