Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

A R Tall

Publications and source records attributed to A R Tall.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Phospholipid liposomes acquire apolipoprotein E in atherogenic plasma and block cholesterol loading of cultured macrophages.

A single infusion of phospholipid liposomes promptly and persistently abolished the ability of hypercholesterolemic rabbit plasma to cause cholesteryl ester loading in cultured macrophages. This phospholipid enrichment of plasma caused moderate stimulation of cellular cholesterol efflux and, unexpectedly, almost complete inhibition of cellular uptake of beta-very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL), the major cholesteryl ester-rich particle in hypercholesterolemic rabbit plasma. Cell viability and LDL receptor activity were unaffected. Incubation of liposomes with beta-VLDL resulted in transfer of apolipoprotein-E (apoE) to the liposomes; reisolated apoE-phospholipid liposomes then competed efficiently for cellular apoprotein receptors. Thus, a major mechanism by which phospholipid infusions result in diminished accumulation of cholesteryl ester in cultured macrophages is by blocking cellular uptake of beta-VLDL. The liposomes deplete beta-VLDL of apoE, then compete for receptor-mediated uptake. These results suggest a novel mechanism contributing to the known antiatherogenic effect of phospholipid infusions: infused liposomes acquire apoE, then block uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins by arterial wall macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Inhibition of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyl transferase in J774 macrophages enhances down-regulation of the low density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and prevents low density lipoprotein-induced cholesterol accumulation.

Cholesteryl ester accumulation in arterial wall macrophages (foam cells) is a prominent feature of atherosclerotic lesions. We have previously shown that J774 macrophages accumulate large amounts of cholesteryl ester when incubated with unmodified low density lipoprotein (LDL) and that this is related to sluggish down-regulation of the J774 LDL receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. To further explore intracellular cholesterol metabolism and regulatory events in J774 macrophages, we studied the effect of inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) on the cells' ability to accumulate cholesterol and to down-regulate receptor and reductase. Treatment of J774 cells with LDL in the presence of ACAT inhibitor 58-035 (Sandoz) prevented both cholesteryl ester and total cholesterol accumulation. Furthermore, 58-035 markedly enhanced down-regulation of the J774 LDL receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the presence of LDL. In dose-response studies, down-regulation of the receptor by 58-035 paralleled its inhibition of ACAT activity. Compound 58-035 also increased the down-regulation of the J774 LDL receptor in the presence of 25-hydroxycholesterol and acetyl-LDL but not in the presence of cholesteryl hemisuccinate, which is not an ACAT substrate. The ability of 58-035 to enhance LDL receptor down-regulation was negated when cells were simultaneously incubated with recombinant high density lipoprotein3 discs, which promote cellular cholesterol efflux. In contrast to the findings with J774 macrophages, down-regulation of the human fibroblast LDL receptor was not enhanced by 58-035. These data suggest that in J774 macrophages, but not in fibroblasts, ACAT competes for a regulatory pool of intracellular cholesterol, contributing to diminished receptor and reductase down-regulation, LDL-cholesterol accumulation, and foam cell formation.

Amides↗
PubMed1986

Recognition of vesicular lipoproteins by the apolipoprotein B,E receptor of cultured fibroblasts.

Vesicular lipoproteins (e.g., lipoprotein-X) are found in plasma in cholestasis or following infusion of Intralipid or phospholipid. To investigate the metabolism of vesicular lipoproteins, we isolated them from the plasma of subjects with cholestasis or following chronic or single Intralipid infusion. Cholestasis and chronic Intralipid therapy were found to be associated with elevated plasma concentrations of apoE, as determined by radioimmunoassay. Vesicular lipoproteins purified from each of the three types of plasma contained apoE, as well as other proteins. In cholestasis, in which levels of apoE were up to five times normal, a major portion of the plasma apoE was on vesicular lipoproteins. Normalized for apoE content, all preparations of vesicular lipoproteins displaced 125I-labeled LDL from apoB,E receptors of cultured fibroblasts identically. This displacement was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies that block receptor binding of apoE. Vesicular lipoproteins containing 125I-labeled apoE were internalized and degraded by fibroblasts. Different preparations caused small losses or gains of cellular cholesterol, with appropriate stimulation or suppression of apoB,E receptors. Thus, vesicular lipoproteins contain apoE, and apoE mediates their interaction with the apoB,E receptor. Our results suggest that the catabolism of cholesterol-rich vesicular lipoproteins, formed during cholestasis or following infusions of Intralipid or phospholipid, may be receptor-mediated.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1985

Mechanisms of enhancement of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity by lipolysis.

Lipoprotein lipase enhances the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). In time course studies the stimulation of cholesteryl ester transfer by bovine milk lipase was correlated with accumulation of fatty acids in VLDL remnants. As the amount of fatty acid-poor albumin in the incubations was increased, there was decreased accumulation of fatty acids in VLDL remnants and a parallel decrease in the stimulation of cholesteryl ester transfer by lipolysis. Addition of sodium oleate to VLDL and albumin resulted in stimulation of the CETP-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL. The stimulation of transfer of cholesteryl esters into previously lipolyzed VLDL was abolished by lowering the pH from 7.5 to 6.0, consistent with a role of lipoprotein ionized fatty acids. CETP-mediated cholesteryl ester transfer from HDL to VLDL was also augmented by phosholipase A2 and by a bacterial lipase which lacked phospholipase activity. When VLDL and HDL were re-isolated after a lipolysis experiment, both lipoproteins stimulated CETP activity. Postlipolysis VLDL and HDL bound much more CETP than native VLDL or HDL. Lipolysis of apoprotein-free phospholipid/triglyceride emulsions also resulted in enhanced binding of CETP to the emulsion particles. Incubation conditions which abolished the enhanced cholesteryl ester transfer into VLDL remnants reduced binding of CETP to remnants, emulsions, and HDL. In conclusion, the enhanced CETP-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL during lipolysis is related to the accumulation of products of lipolysis, especially fatty acids, in the lipoproteins. Lipids accumulating in VLDL remnants and HDL as a result of lipolysis may augment binding of CETP to these lipoproteins, leading to more efficient transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL.

Albumins↗
PubMed1985

Unmodified low density lipoprotein causes cholesteryl ester accumulation in J774 macrophages.

Cholesteryl ester (CE)-loaded macrophages (foam cells) are a prominent feature of atherosclerotic plaques. Previous studies have shown that human monocytes or resident mouse peritoneal macrophages accumulate CE in response to low density lipoprotein (LDL) only when the LDL has been appropriately chemically modified. By contrast, we report here that J774 macrophages accumulate large amounts of CE when incubated with unmodified LDL. The CE is stored in oil red O-positive droplets, which have the typical appearance of foam cell inclusions by electron microscopy. The fatty acid moieties of the cellular CE are enriched in oleate unlike those of LDL-CE, which are enriched in linoleate, indicating that the LDL-CE undergoes hydrolysis and reesterification by acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. Studies with 125I-labeled LDL at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C indicate that the LDL is internalized by a specific receptor that has several characteristics in common with the apolipoprotein B/E (apo B/E) receptor. However, in comparison with fibroblasts, the LDL receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity in J774 cells are relatively resistant to down-regulation by LDL or 25-hydroxycholesterol, leading to receptor-mediated CE storage. In addition, J774 cells appear to accumulate CE from LDL internalized by nonspecific means. Thus, macrophage-like cells can accumulate CE in response to unmodified LDL by both nonspecific and receptor-mediated processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Enrichment of endothelial cell arachidonate by lipid transfer from high density lipoproteins: relationship to prostaglandin I2 synthesis.

We have previously shown that plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) stimulate release of prostacyclin, measured as its stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, by cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. The present experiments were designed to elucidate the contribution of HDL lipids to endothelial cellular phospholipid pools and to prostacyclin synthesis. In experiments with reconstituted HDL, both the lipid and protein moieties were required to stimulate prostacyclin release in amounts equivalent to the native HDL particle. Endothelial cells incorporated label from reconstituted HDL containing cholesteryl [1-14C]arachidonate into the cellular neutral and phospholipid pools as well as into 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2. Labeled arachidonate incorporated into endothelial cell lipids from reconstituted HDL containing cholesteryl [1-14C]arachidonate was also metabolized to prostaglandins after the cells were exposed to the calcium ionophore, A-23187. Both rat and human HDL which stimulated 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release (rat greater than human) increased the weight percentage of arachidonate in endothelial cell phospholipids; phospholipid arachidonate in the enriched cells fell after exposure to the phospholipase activator, A-23187, with release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha which was greater than in control cells. Rat HDL that was depleted of cholesteryl arachidonate (achieved by incubation with human low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the presence of cholesteryl ester transfer protein) stimulated 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release less than native rat HDL. LDL enriched in cholesteryl arachidonate stimulated 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release more than native LDL. ApoE-depleted HDL also stimulated 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release more than apoE-rich HDL suggesting the apoE receptor was not involved in the response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Plasma phospholipid transfer protein enhances transfer and exchange of phospholipids between very low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins during lipolysis.

In order to determine the effects of a plasma phospholipid transfer protein on the transfer of phospholipids from very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) to high density lipoproteins (HDL) during lipolysis, biosynthetically labeled rat 32P-labeled VLDL was incubated with human HDL3 and bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the presence of the plasma d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction or a partially purified human plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PTP). The addition of either the PTP or the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction resulted in a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of the transfer of phospholipid radioactivity from VLDL into HDL during lipolysis. In the absence of LPL, the PTP caused a less marked stimulation of transfer of phospholipid radioactivity. Both the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction and the PTP enhanced the transfer of VLDL phospholipid mass into HDL, but the percentage transfer of phospholipid radioactivity was greater than that of phospholipid mass, suggesting stimulation of both transfer and exchange processes. Stimulation of phospholipid exchange was confirmed in experiments where PTP was found to augment transfer of [14C]phosphatidylcholine radioactivity from HDL to VLDL during lipolysis. In experiments performed with human VLDL and human HDL3, both the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction and the PTP were found to stimulate phospholipid mass transfer from VLDL into HDL during lipolysis. Analysis of HDL by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis showed that enhanced lipid transfer was associated with only a slight increase in particle size, suggesting incorporation of lipid by formation of new HDL particles. In conclusion, the plasma d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction and a plasma PTP enhance the net transfer of VLDL phospholipids into HDL and also exchange of the phospholipids of VLDL and HDL. Both the transfer and exchange activities of PTP are stimulated by lipolysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Mechanism of the association of HDL3 with endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. Evidence against the role of specific ligand and receptor proteins.

Human plasma high-density lipoprotein-3 (HDL3) has been shown to bind to a variety of cells and tissues. In order to investigate the nature of HDL3-cell association, we studied the interaction of 125I-HDL3 with porcine aortic endothelial cells, rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells, and normal human skin fibroblasts. At 37 degrees C, 125I-HDL3 association with endothelial cells was nonsaturable. Furthermore, 60% protein digestion of HDL3 by trypsin (T-HDL3) actually increased its ability, on a protein weight basis, to associate with endothelial cells and to displace 125I-HDL3 from all three cell types. Synthetic phospholipid-cholesterol discs containing either apo-A-I or apo-A-II were equally effective in displacing 125I-HDL3 from endothelial cells, and phospholipid-cholesterol vesicles containing no protein also displaced 125I-HDL3 from endothelial cells. Neither lipid-free apo-HDL3 nor apo-T-HDL3 was able to competitively displace 125I-HDL3. The above competitive displacement data, when expressed on a protein weight basis, showed differences in the ability of the competitors to displace 125I-HDL3 from cells in the following order of effectiveness: discs greater than T-HDL3 greater than native HDL3. When these data were expressed on a surface lipid weight basis, all three competitors, as well as the lipid vesicles, were approximately normalized to a single competitive displacement curve. Studies on the nature of the cellular mediators of HDL3-cell association revealed that the cell surface sites were resistant to proteolytic treatment. Furthermore, both 125I-HDL3 and 125I-T-HDL3 association with fibroblasts preincubated with varying concentrations of cholesterol increased in parallel with the free cholesterol content of the cells; although cycloheximide blocked this increase in HDL3-cell association, cycloheximide also prevented the increase in cholesterol content of cholesterol-treated cells. We conclude that the association of HDL3 with the cell types studied is not mediated by specific ligand and receptor proteins but rather involves the interaction of cellular surface lipids, possibly cholesterol, with the surface lipids of HDL3.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Lipoprotein lipase enhances the cholesteryl ester transfer protein-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from high density lipoproteins to very low density lipoproteins.

These studies were undertaken to examine the effects of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) on the transfer of cholesteryl esters from high density lipoproteins (HDL) to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Human or rat VLDL was incubated with human HDL in the presence of either partially purified CETP, bovine milk LPL or CETP plus LPL. CETP stimulated both isotopic and mass transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL into VLDL. LPL caused only slight stimulation of cholesteryl ester transfer. However, when CETP and LPL were both present, the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL into VLDL remnants was enhanced 2- to 8-fold, compared to the effects of CETP alone. The synergistic effects of CETP and LPL on cholesteryl ester transfer were more pronounced at higher VLDL/HDL ratios and increased with increasing amounts of CETP. In time course studies the stimulation of cholesteryl ester transfer activity occurred during active triglyceride hydrolysis. When lipolysis was inhibited by incubating LPL with either 1 M NaCl or 2 mM diethylparanitrophenyl phosphate, the synergism of CETP and LPL was reduced or abolished, and LPL alone did not stimulate cholesteryl ester transfer. These experiments show that LPL enhances the CETP-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL. This property of LPL is related to lipolysis.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed1984

Stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by plasma high and low density lipoproteins.

We studied the effects of plasma high density and low density lipoproteins upon the synthesis of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 by vascular smooth muscle cells. Prostaglandin synthesis was measured in 24-hour cultures by radioimmunoassay of the stable metabolites of prostacyclin, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and of prostaglandin E2. High density lipoproteins induced dose-dependent increases in the release of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and of prostaglandin E2 from smooth muscle cells to values 14- and 50-fold above control. Incubations with low density lipoproteins at comparable cholesterol concentrations also induced dose-dependent release of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and prostaglandin E2, but to a lesser extent. Rat high density lipoprotein, which contained 2.5 times more cholesteryl arachidonate than human high density lipoproteins, stimulated 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and prostaglandin E2 release 2- to 3-fold more than human high density lipoproteins, whereas the delipidated apoproteins of high density lipoproteins had no significant effect on prostaglandin synthesis. Recombinant high density lipoproteins containing cholesteryl-[1- 14C]arachidonate stimulated release of [14C]-6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and [14C]prostaglandin E2 by smooth muscle cells. The ionophore, A 23187, released labeled 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and prostaglandin E2 from cells preincubated with recombinant high density lipoprotein containing cholesteryl-[1- 14C]arachidonate. Unlabeled high density lipoproteins, in contrast, did not cause release of radioactive prostaglandins from cells preincubated with [1- 14C]arachidonate. Phospholipase activators were synergistic (bradykinin) or additive (angiotensin II) with high density lipoprotein in stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis. The data indicate that both high and low density lipoproteins stimulate the synthesis of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 by vascular smooth muscle cells. The results suggest that the lipoproteins provide arachidonate to a phospholipase-sensitive pool accessible to cyclooxygenase.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Acute inhibition of hepatic lipase and increase in plasma lipoproteins after alcohol intake.

Chronic alcohol intake is associated with an increase in fasting plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL). To study alcohol's acute effects on plasma lipoproteins, we measured plasma lipoprotein concentrations and activities of postheparin plasma lipases in nine normolipemic males after ingestion of 40 g of ethanol (as whiskey). After alcohol there was no change in lipoprotein lipase activity but hepatic lipase was decreased to 67% of baseline at 6 hr. There were associated increases in HDL phospholipids (12 mg/dl) and cholesterol (10 mg/dl) resulting in prominence of larger, lipid-enriched HDL particles. Changes were most pronounced in the HDL3 and HDL2a subclasses. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) phospholipids and cholesterol were also increased by 13 and 9 mg/dl, respectively, with no significant change in triglycerides. Changes in lipoproteins and lipase were largely reversed 10 hr after alcohol intake. The transient increases in VLDL and HDL lipids after alcohol may result in part from acute inhibition of hepatic lipase activity. The results suggest a role of hepatic lipase in the catabolism of phospholipids of VLDL and possibly HDL.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Incorporation of radioactive phospholipid into subclasses of high-density lipoproteins.

The incorporation of orally administered phospholipid into plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was studied in three subjects. Plasma was analyzed by equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation, 5, 6, and 8 h after ingestion of 1.1 g [3H-choline, 14C-dilinoleoyl]phosphatidylcholine. At all time points in all subjects, there was a peak of phosphatidylcholine specific activity in fractions of density approximately 1.10-1.13 g/ml, corresponding to the subclass previously designated HDL2a. There was also a more variable, smaller peak of specific activity of phospholipids in HDL2b (1.063-1.100 g/ml) and in fractions of density approximately 1.19 g/ml. In the 1.10-1.13 fraction, 97 and 71%, respectively, of the 3H and 14C radioactivity were in phospholipids. The 3H/14C ratio was similar in phospholipids of HDL subfractions, the d less than 1.07 fraction, and in the administered phospholipid. The results show preferential transfer or exchange or absorbed phosphatidylcholine into specific subclasses of HDL.

Cholesterol Esters↗