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Biomedical subjects

A Poling

Publications and source records attributed to A Poling.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Effects of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and valproic acid, alone and in selected combinations, on schedule-controlled behavior of rats.

The present study examined the effects of phenytoin (20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg), phenobarbital (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg), and valproic acid (80, 120, 160, and 240 mg/kg), and those of phenobarbital (10 and 30 mg/kg) combined with phenytoin (20, 30, and 40 mg/kg) or valproic acid (80, 120, and 160 mg/kg), on the lever pressing of rats maintained under fixed-ratio and interresponse-time-greater-than-t schedules of food delivery. High doses of each individual drug significantly decreased mean group response (and reinforcement) rate under the fixed-ratio schedule. No dose of an individual agent significantly affected mean group response rate under the interresponse-time-greater-than-t schedule, although high doses of phenobarbital and valproic acid significantly reduced the mean group reinforcement rate under this schedule. When given in combination, phenobarbital and phenytoin and phenobarbital and valproic acid significantly reduced response (and reinforcement) rate under the fixed-ratio schedule and reinforcement rate under the interresponse-time-greater-than-t schedule. These reductions did not significantly differ in magnitude from those predicted by an additive model of drug interaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Lethality of opioid and antihistaminic combinations in mice.

The lethality of morphine (37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg) and tripelennamine (10,20,40 and 60 mg/kg), given alone and in combination, was evaluated in mice housed in groups of 16. When given alone, neither drug produced death at any dose. Combining the drugs produced supra-additive effects: some deaths occurred at all combination doses. The lethality of pentazocine (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) and diphenhydramine (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg), given alone and in combination, also was evaluated. Neither drug alone produced death at any dose. Supra-additive effects were observed when the drugs were combined. These results are similar to earlier findings concerning the lethality of combinations of pentazocine and tripelennamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Medication regimen: a subject characteristic rarely reported in behavior modification studies.

The present study determined whether articles describing attempts to alter behavior in mentally retarded participants through nonpharmacological interventions typically specify whether participants received medication during the experiments. From 1978 through 1982, the vast majority of such articles published in the American Journal of Mental Deficiency, Behavior Modification, Behavior Therapy, the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Mental Retardation failed to specify whether participants were receiving drugs. In addition, very few articles examined pharmacological interventions or attempted to address the interaction of drug and nondrug treatments.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1984

Tripelennamine and pentazocine alone and in combination: effects on interresponse-time-greater-than-t responding of rats.

The effects of tripelennamine (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mg/kg) and pentazocine (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg), given alone and in selected combinations, were determined in rats performing under an interresponse-time-greater-than-15-sec schedule of food delivery. Each drug alone produced statistically insignificant increases in response rates and statistically significant decreases in reinforcement rates. Combinations produced effects identical in direction to, and significantly greater than, those predicted by a simple additive model.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of chlorprothixene, haloperidol, and trifluoperazine on the delayed-matching-to-sample performance of pigeons.

The effects of chlorprothixene (4,6,8, and 10 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.13, 0.25, 0.38, and 0.5 mg/kg), and trifluoperazine (0.5, 1,2, and 3 mg/kg) were examined in pigeons responding under a delayed-matching-to-sample procedure in which delays of 0.5-, 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-sec duration were arranged during each experimental session. Both chlorprothixene and trifluoperazine typically reduced accuracy (percent correct responses); the magnitude of this effect was generally largest at the longest delay values. Chlorprothixene was associated with an increased rate of responding to the sample stimulus in two of three subjects, whereas trifluoperazine almost always decreased response rate. Haloperidol at high doses decreased response rate, but failed to consistently impair accuracy at any dose or delay value.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Preference in pigeons given a choice between sequences of fixed-ratio schedules: Effects of ratio values and duration of food delivery.

Pigeons were exposed to schedules that consisted of two sequential fixed ratios, the completion of each followed by food delivery. When each alternative provided two food deliveries per 100 responses, the schedule with the shorter initial fixed-ratio value was consistently preferred. Subsequent attempts were made to shift this established preference by (1) increasing the ratio requirement in the second fixed ratio of the preferred schedule; (2) increasing the duration of food delivery in the second fixed ratio of the nonpreferred schedule; (3) decreasing the duration of food delivery in the first fixed ratio of the preferred schedule; and (4) shortening the second fixed ratio of the nonpreferred schedule. Preference shifted from the schedule with the shorter initial fixed ratio only when the duration of food delivery associated with the first fixed ratio of that schedule was too brief to allow eating. Under all other conditions, pigeons strongly preferred the schedule with the shorter initial fixed ratio even when, overall, that schedule yielded briefer access to food or required more responses to obtain equivalent access.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Effects of anticonvulsants on learning: performance of pigeons under a repeated acquisition procedure when exposed to phenobarbital, clonazepam, valproic acid, ethosuximide and phenytoin.

The effects of phenobarbital, clonazepam, valproic acid, ethosuximide and phenytoin were examined in pigeons performing under a repeated acquisition procedure. Clonazepam (0.06-0.75 mg/kg), valproic acid (40-120 mg/kg), ethosuximide (40-160 mg/kg) and phenytoin (2.5-15 mg/kg) produced generally dose-dependent decreases in rate of responding, whereas phenobarbital (5-50 mg/kg) had little consistent effect on response rate across the dose range studied. Phenobarbital and clonazepam produced dose-dependent increases in error rates. Although valproic acid and phenytoin generally increased errors relative to control values, this effect was not directly dose-dependent or consistent across subjects. A within-session analysis of the distribution of drug-induced increases in errors revealed that the main effect of phenobarbital, clonazepam, valproic acid and phenytoin was to increase errors during early acquisition (i.e., before the procurement of 15 or fewer reinforcers). Later in the session, a similar number of errors per reinforcer was made during drug and control sessions. In contrast to the other anticonvulsants examined, ethosuximide had little effect on error rates. These results suggest that there are qualitative as well as quantitative differences in the effects of anticonvulsant drugs under the repeated acquisition procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Discriminative stimulus properties of phenytoin in the pigeon.

Pigeons trained under a two-key drug discrimination procedure eventually learned to discriminate 5 mg/kg phenytoin from saline injections. When 1.25-20 mg/kg doses of phenytoin were substituted for the training dose, the percentage of responses directed to the phenytoin-appropriate key varied directly with dose. Chlorpromazine, d-amphetamine, diazepam, and phenobarbital failed to produce phenytoin-like patterns of responding.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of food deprivation on water intake induced by intermittent delivery of salted liquid food.

The water intake of rats maintained through food deprivation at 70, 80, 90, and 100% of free-feeding body weights was examined under conditions where a small amount of sweetened condensed milk containing 8% sodium chloride was presented at one-minute intervals. For each of two subjects, number of licks and milliliters of water consumed varied inversely with body weight. This finding agrees with earlier reports concerning the effects of food deprivation on adjunctive behaviors induced by intermittent delivery of dry food.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Tripelennamine effects on body and organ weights, water intake, and several behaviors of rats.

The effects of 14 daily injections of tripelennamine on several dependent measures were determined in groups of rats that received 0.0 (vehicle only), 2.0, 4.0, 8,0, or 16.0 mg/kg of the drug.l Tripelennamine did not affect body weights, organ weights (heart, liver, adrenals, kidneys), or blood glucose levels. Daily water intake was, however, directly and significantly related to tripelennamine dose. The drug failed to influence performance in a grasping response assay, or locomotion as measured in running wheels when rats received footshocks immediately before assessment of locomotion. Tripelennamine did significantly reduce locomotion when rats were not shocked before testing. Nociception, as measured via a hot-plate assay, also was altered by the drug. Here, rats exposed to 16 mg/kg evinced paw-lick latencies far greater than those that received lower doses. These results indicate that tripelennamine produced observable behavioral effects at doses which are not obviously toxic.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Lethality of pentazocine and tripelennamine combinations in mice housed individually and in groups.

Lethality of 80 mg/kg pentazocine alone; 40 mg/kg tripelennamine alone; 20 mg/kg tripelennamine in combination with 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg pentazocine; and 40 mg/kg tripelennamine in combination with 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg pentazocine was determined in mice housed individually and in groups. Results indicate that the lethality of pentazocine and tripelennamine combinations in mice is (1) dose-dependent, (2) potentiated relative to either drug alone, and (3) greater in group-housed than in individually-housed animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

RETRACTED: Effects of methylphenidate on the fixed-ratio performance of mentally retarded children.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief based on the outcome of a report conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1987 that was recently brought to the attention of the journal by R.T. Warne. Based on allegations of scientific fraud against Stephen Breuning, the NIMH conducted a full investigation into the alleged scientific misconducted on two grants, which funded multiple publications, one of which was this article. The NIMH report concluded that “all of these review publications relied heavily on Dr. Breuning's own work which the Panel concluded was not carried out as reported. The publications, therefore, must be regarded as scientifically unsound and seriously misleading.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour are therefore retracting this article on the grounds of scientifically unsound and misleading data and conclusions. The full NIMH investigatory report can be located here: NIMH-Breuning-Investigation-final-report.pdf (kindly provided by R.T. Warne)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of pentazocine and tripelennamine on analgesia.

The analgesic effects of pentazocine and tripelennamine, alone and in combination, were assessed in rats with a hot plate apparatus. In Experiment 1, the combination of tripelennamine with chronic pentazocine produced analgesia at doses which were not analgesic when the drugs were given alone. This combination also reestablished analgesia in subjects made tolerant to pentazocine's effects. In Experiment 2, development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of pentazocine was delayed by addition of tripelennamine. These data may contribute to a rationale for the current popularity of combined pentazocine and tripelennamine abuse.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Development of intraverbal behavior in mentally retarded individuals through transfer of stimulus control procedures: classification of verbal responses.

Intraverbal behavior, in which an antecedent verbal stimulus is followed by a verbal response that lacks point-to-point correspondence with that stimulus, is often lacking in mentally retarded individuals. The present studies examine the use of transfer of stimulus control procedures for developing one type of intraverbal responding (classification of verbal responses) in mentally retarded participants who employed manual signs as their primary mode of verbal communication. In Experiment 1, a delayed prompting procedure was used to transfer control from nonverbal stimuli (pictures) to verbal stimuli (signs). This procedure was modified so that transfer of stimulus control was effected without errors in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, a delayed prompting procedure was employed to train intraverbal behavior that involved a conditional discrimination. In all cases, transfer of stimulus control procedures produced rapid and enduring improvement in participants' intraverbal responding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Effects of phenytoin on schedule-controlled performance of rats.

The present study examined the effects of acute administrations of phenytoin on the lever pressing of rats maintained under fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, and interresponse-time-greater-than-T schedules of food delivery. The drug typically produced dose-dependent decreases in response rates under fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules, while response rates under the interresponse-time-greater-than-T schedule were affected little by the drug. These findings indicate that phenytoin effects on schedule-controlled responding differ from those of other anticonvulsants.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Choice as a dependent measure in autoshaping: sensitivity to frequency and duration of food presentation.

Previous investigations have shown that rate, latency, and percentage of trials with at least one response are somewhat insensitive measures of the strength of autoshaped responding. In the present studies, these measures were contrasted with the allocation of responding during simultaneous choice tests, a measure of response strength frequently used in operant paradigms. In two experiments, nine pigeons were exposed to a forward pairing autoshaping procedure. Training sessions consisted of the successive presentation of three stimuli, each followed by food on either 100%, 50%, or 0% of the trials. Choice testing involved the simultaneous presentation of the three stimuli. In Experiment I, all pigeons consistently directed their initial choice responses and the majority of subsequent responses to the stimulus always followed by food, despite the fact that during training sessions the response rates of most birds were highest in the presence of the stimulus followed by food on 50% of the trials. In Experiment II, rate, latency, and percentage of trials with at least one response did not change appreciably as a function of duration of feeder presentations. However, choice responding was lawfully affected by duration of feeder presentations. These data suggest that choice is perhaps a more sensitive measure of the strength of autoshaped responding than other, more commonly employed, indices.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of phencyclidine on shock-induced aggression in rats.

The effects of phencyclidine were assessed under two distinctive paradigms. In a traditional laboratory assay where pairs of rats received intermittent foot shocks, phencyclidine at doses of 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg decreased the number of shock-elicited fighting bouts in dose-dependent fashion. Similar dose-dependent decreases in biting were also observed under a procedure where single restrained rats received intermittent tail shocks, which evoked biting of an inanimate target.

Aggression↗