Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

A Palmer

Publications and source records attributed to A Palmer.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1972

Lack of significant oncogenicity of biological products in hamsters.

A variety of biological products which included live and inactivated viral vaccines, inactivated rickettsial and bacterial vaccines, toxoids, and a multiple bacterial antigen product did not appear to be oncogenic for newborn hamsters following a single subcutaneous inoculation. The incidence of spontaneous tumors was approximately 4.7%, and this figure was not significantly altered by the inoculation of any of the test materials.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1966

Protection of monkeys against experimental shigellosis with a living attenuated oral polyvalent dysentery vaccine.

Formal, Samuel B. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), T. H. Kent, H. C. May, A. Palmer, and E. H. LaBrec. Protection of monkeys against experimental challenge with a living attenuated oral polyvalent dysentery vaccine. J. Bacteriol. 91:17-22. 1966.-Virulent strains of Shigella flexneri 1b, S. flexneri 3, and S. sonnei I were mated with an Hfr strain of Escherichia coli K-12, and hybrids were selected for the xylose marker. One hybrid strain of each of the serotypes was chosen for study of their biological characteristics. Their capacity to cause a fatal enteric infection in starved guinea pigs was reduced, they failed to cause dysentery when fed to monkeys, they caused keratoconjunctivitis in the guinea pig eye, and they penetrated HeLa cells. Two doses of a polyvalent oral vaccine composed of S. flexneri 1b, 2a, and 3, and S. sonnei I hybrid strains were fed to groups of monkeys at an interval of 4 to 7 days, and they, together with controls, were challenged 10 days after the last dose with one or another of the virulent parent dysentery strains. A significant degree of protection was afforded in all vaccinated groups with the exception of one group challenged with S. flexneri 6, a component not included in the vaccine. When animals were challenged with virulent S. flexneri 2a 1 month after oral vaccination, they were also protected. The vaccine produced a rise in serum antibody, but we were not able to detect coproantibody in saline extracts of feces from animals which received the vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

Protection of Monkeys Against Experimental Shigellosis with Attenuated Vaccines.

Formal, Samuel B. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), E. H. LaBrec, Amos Palmer, and Stanley Falkow. Protection of monkeys against experimental shigellosis with attenuated vaccines. J. Bacteriol. 90:63-68. 1965.-Two Shigella flexneri 2a strains of reduced virulence were used as oral vaccines to protect monkeys against experimental challenge. One strain, a spontaneous mutant, had lost its ability to cause disease and was unable to penetrate the intestinal epithelium and reach the lamina propria. The other strain was a hybrid obtained by mating virulent S. flexneri 2a with Escherichia coli. This hybrid strain retained the capacity to penetrate the intestinal epithelium but was not able to maintain itself in the lamina propria. Five oral doses of the nonpenetrating mutant strain were required to render monkeys resistant to experimental challenge, but a single dose of the hybrid strain sufficed to protect the animals. There was some evidence that a degree of specificity was involved in the induced resistance, although neither vaccine evoked a consistent serum antibody or a detectable coproantibody response.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Causes of death and risk factors in young and old diabetic patients referred to a retinopathy clinic.

The causes of death and associated risk factors are compared in young and old diabetic patients attending a retinopathy clinic. Mortality in those diagnosed under and over the age of 30 years is also examined in order to compare insulin-dependent with non-insulin-dependent patients. A defined cohort attending the Hammersmith Hospital Retinopathy Clinic was followed for an average of 11 years. Main outcome measures were standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in different age/sex groups and relative hazard rates (RHRs) for possible risk factors related to mortality. The patients were divided into those aged under and over the age of 60 years at attendance at the clinic. The RHRs were smaller in the elderly for plasma urea [1.015 versus 1.107 (p < 0.01)]. Attenuation of risk was also suggested for systolic blood pressure (RHR of 1.005 in the elderly versus 1.015 in the younger patients) and for the effects of smoking [RHR of 1.17 (elderly patients) and 1.35 (younger patients)]. In those diagnosed under the age of 30 years, there were very high SMRs for renal disease, cerebrovascular disease (men only), ischemic heart disease, other heart disease, and respiratory disease (men only), but increased SMRs were also demonstrated in those diagnosed over the age of 30 years. The risk factors associated with poor survival were similar for those diagnosed over and under the age of 30 years: poor diabetic control, high systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and increased plasma urea. In conclusion, there was no evidence that blood sugar control or diastolic blood pressure were less important in older age groups. Plasma urea, systolic pressure, and being on insulin were less useful as predictors of mortality in the elderly, but were still important in patients diagnosed over the age of 30 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of severe malarial anaemia in Gambian children.

The optimum management of children with severe malarial anaemia is still uncertain. Hence, we have undertaken a study to determine whether iron treatment is as effective at restoring haemoglobin levels one month after presentation as blood transfusion without iron treatment in children with moderately severe malarial anaemia. Two hundred and eighty-seven children with a packed cell volume (PCV) < 15% and malaria infection were recruited into the study; 173 children were assigned to receive blood transfusion because they had a PCV < 12% and/or signs of respiratory distress and the remaining 114 children were allocated at random to receive either blood transfusion (58) or treatment with oral iron (56) for 28 d. Twenty-four children died, 23 in the most severely anaemic group. Fifteen children (65%) died before transfusion was given and most deaths occurred within the first 4 h of admission. One child died in the iron treatment group and 10 subsequently required transfusion. Among the severely anaemic children, those with respiratory distress were at greater risk of death than those without respiratory distress. After 28 d, haematological restoration was significantly better in children who had received iron than in those treated by blood transfusion (P = 0.02). Children who received malaria chemoprophylaxis after discharge from hospital had fewer episodes of malaria and subsequent admissions to a hospital or health centre than those who did not. Children with severe anaemia and clinical signs of respiratory distress must be identified quickly and transfused as soon as possible. However, for less severely anaemic children who are clinically stable, iron therapy offers an alternative to transfusion provided such children can be kept under surveillance and transfused subsequently should this become necessary.

Anemia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Continuing professional education: individual responsibility, collective consciousness.

Continuing professional education in the United Kingdom is discussed and the influences examined. Within a framework of national, nursing, and local perspectives, the issues and implications for the various individual agencies and personnel are identified. An overview is provided to include agendas for action.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗