The absorption of bromhexine from Bromhexin tablets 8 mg, DAK has been compared with that from Bisolvon tablets 8 mg, Boehringer Ingelheim, in a two-way complete crossover study. Four tablets of each of the two bromhexine products, corresponding to a single dose of 32 mg of bromhexine hydrochloride (77.6 mumol), was administered to each of the 10 volunteers. The plasma concentration was followed over the 4-hour period following each administration. By means of Pratt's test for paired data no statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.10) between the two products was found with respect to maximum plasma concentration (89 and 84 nmol.1(-1), respectively), the times for their occurrence (1.3 and 1.0 h, respectively), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curves (140 and 132 nmol.1(-1).h, respectively). It is concluded that Bromhexin, DAK and Bisolvon are bioequivalent. Provisional pharmacokinetic data for bromhexine, after oral administration, in man were obtained. The first-pass effect and the biological half-life were estimated by combining plasma and 30 h urine data from four of the volunteers. The first-pass effect was estimated to be c. 75 per cent, the biological half-life to be c. 6 h, and c. 0.1 per cent of the dose was found as unmetabolized bromhexine in the urine. The data indicate that the pharmacokinetics of bromhexine may be described as a two-compartment open model.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory depression in goats by stable xenon: implications for CT studies.

The pharmacology of stable xenon is of practical importance to users of the xenon CT-regional cerebral blood flow method. In a study in goats we have demonstrated that xenon has a characteristic respiratory depressant effect, unlike effects of comparable anesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide and halothane.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Static stress measurements in silicate cement.

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Aerosols↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Do not resuscitate: an ethical dilemma for the decision-maker.

Since its introduction in the 1960s, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been universally available to all hospital patients unless the consultant in charge has specified a 'do not resuscitate' (DNR) order. The public perception of CPR has tended to be one of overoptimism, but this is not matched by the low survival to discharge ratio of approximately 1:10. In addition, there is the risk of prolonging suffering, compared with the quick and relatively painfree alternative offered by cardiac arrest. Decisions about resuscitation pose many ethical dilemmas for those involved and should take into consideration the patient's wishes, prognosis and quality of life.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Patency of the maxillary sinus ostium in healthy individuals.

In a group of 20 healthy subjects the patency of the maxillary ostium has been evaluated in 35 maxillary sinuses with three different techniques: simultaneous pressure recording in the sinus and the ipsi- and contralateral nasal cavity; simultaneous recording of differential pressure between the sinus and the ipsilateral nasal cavity and air-flow through the ostium during nasal breathing; recording of the pressure rise in the sinus with an artificial air-flow of 1 litre per minute applied to the sinus. The tests were carried out in sitting and recumbent positions. In 5 persons (10 sinuses) a retest was performed after 2 months. These subjects were also tested with an inflatable neck cuff in order to obtain an increased venous pressure. Rhinomanometry at rest and after physical effort was also performed. The pressure relationship between the maxillary sinus and the ipsilateral nasal cavity was 1:1 in both the sitting and the recumbent position, but less than 1 when the contralateral nasal cavity was measured. Pressure recording alone gives no quantitative information about the patency of the ostium. Determination of the ostial resistance during nasal breathing could be performed in 13 sinuses, but in the remaining 22 the ostia were too wide to give a measurable resistance. The equivalent ostial diameter during inspiration could be estimated in 12 of the sinuses from a diagram constructed from known ostial diameters in model experiments. With an artificial air-flow applied into the sinus, the equivalent ostial diameters could be estimated from the diagram in all cases. No statistical difference was found in comparable cases between the mean equivalent ostial diameters estimated with the two methods. The equivalent ostial diameters showed a statistically significant reduction in the recumbent position and after application of the neck cuff. A statistically significant relationship was also found between the airway resistance of the nasal cavity and the equivalent diameter of the ostium in sitting and recumbent positions. Such a relationship could not be found between the equivalent ostial diameters measured at rest and the nasal resistance recorded after physical effort.

Adult↗