Magnetic resonance imaging of vocal failure in patients undergoing laryngectomy with tracheoesophageal fistula.
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Aged↗
Biomedical subjects
A Nakamura
Publications and source records attributed to A Nakamura.
Characterization of two restriction endonucleases, SenPT14bI and SenPT16I, in standard phage-type strains of Salmonella enteritidis.
Two restriction endonucleases (ENases) were found by screening 38 standard phage strains of Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis. An isoschizomer of SacII ENase that recognizes the sequence 5'-CCGC/GG-3' was identified in S. Enteritidis PT14b, and an isoschizomer of XmaIII ENase (5'-C/GGCCG-3') was found in S. Enteritidis PT16. It is of special interest that the recognition specificities of all known ENases in Salmonella, including those of the S. Enteritidis ENases, are very similar to each other.
Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
Nitroarene concentrations and direct-acting mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particulates fractionated by silica-gel column chromatography.
Diesel exhaust particulates were extracted with benzene-ethanol (3:1, v/v) and separated into five fractions by silica-gel column chromatography. Direct-acting mutagenic activity was assayed by the Ames test using the Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 strain. The total activity of five fractions was about four times greater than that of the crude extract, suggesting that the activities in the fractions were suppressed in the crude extract. Strong activity was observed in fraction 4 which was eluted with dichloromethane (61.5% of the total activity) and fraction 5 which was eluted with ethanol (35.3%). Nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. They were found mainly in fraction 4, although one NPAH was in fraction 3 which was eluted with n-hexane-dichloromethane (3:1, v/v). Based on these results, 53.1% of the activity in fraction 4 was attributed to NPAHs. The contribution of 1-nitropyrene and 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrenes was great and that of the other NPAHs was small. The mutagenic compound in fraction 5 was not identified. Fractions 1 and 2, which were eluted with n-hexane, and fraction 3 suppressed the activity of fraction 4. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fractions 2 and 3 were considered as possible suppressors of NPAHs.
Animals↗
Cloning of a gene encoding a putative xylanase with a cellulose-binding domain from Humicola grisea.
We have isolated a genomic clone of a putative xylanase gene (xyn1) from Humicola grisea by using the DNA fragment encoding a cellulose-binding domain of H. grisea cellobiohydrolase 1 as a probe. The translation product of the xyn1 gene predicts a xylanase of 429 amino acids in length, with a cellulose-binding domain in the C-terminus.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Generation of reactive oxygen species by raphidophycean phytoplankton.
Chattonella marina, a raphidophycean flagellate, is one of the most toxic red tide phytoplankton and causes severe damage to fish farming. Recent studies demonstrated that Chattonella sp. generates superoxide (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (.OH), which may be responsible for the toxicity of C. marina. In this study, we found the other raphidophycean flagellates such as Heterosigma akashiwo, Olisthodiscus luteus, and Fibrocapsa japonica also produce O2- and H2O2 under normal growth condition. Among the flagellate species tested, Chattonella has the highest rates of production of O2- and H2O2 as compared on the basis of cell number. This seems to be partly due to differences in their cell sizes, since Chattonella is larger than other flagellate species. The generation of O2- by these flagellate species was also confirmed by a chemiluminescence assay by using 2-methyl-6-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin++ +-3-one (MCLA). All these raphidophycean flagellates inhibited the proliferation of a marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, in a flagellates/bacteria co-culture system, and their toxic effects were suppressed by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase. Our results suggest that the generation of reactive oxygen species is a common feature of raphidophycean flagellates.
Animals↗
Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a thermostable cellulase gene of Humicola grisea.
The egl2 gene coding a thermostable endoglucanase (EGL2) was cloned from Humicola grisea. The DNA sequence of egl2 predicted two putative introns in the coding region. The deduced amino acid sequence of EGL2 was 388 amino acids in length and showed 99.5% identity with the H. insolens CMC 3. In addition to TATA box and CAAT motifs, putative CREA binding sites were observed in the 5' upstream region of the egl2 gene. The egl2 gene was expressed in Aspergillus oryzae, and EGL2 was purified. EGL2 produced by A. oryzae showed a high activity toward carboxymethyl cellulose. The optimal temperature of EGL2 was 75 degrees C, and EGL2 had more than 80% residual activity after heating up to 75 degrees C for 10 min. This is the first report of enzymatic properties of the EGL2-type thermostable cellulase homologs from Humicola.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Purification and properties of beta-fructofuranosidase from Clostridium perfringens.
beta-Fructofuranosidase [EC 3.2.1.26] in Clostridium perfringens was induced in the presence of sucrose and suppressed in the presence of glucose or maltose. The enzyme seems to be present in protoplasm in a soluble state. The beta-fructofuranosidase from C. perfringens cells grown on sucrose was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, and hydroxylapatite chromatography to a homogeneous state. The molecular weight was 37,000 by gel filtration using Sephadex G-150 and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition is not much different from those of other microorganisms, but the Glx content was a little higher. The enzyme was inhibited by heavy metals, such as Hg2+, Cu2+, and Ag+, as well as pCMB; the activity was restored by incubating with mercaptoethanol. Fructose and amines including Tris and aniline had inhibitory effects.
Amino Acids↗
Disposition of ampicillin in honeybees and hives.
Disposition profile of ampicillin (ABPC) among honeybees, larvae, honey and royal jelly in a hive after oral dosing to adult bees was studied. Four honeybee colonies were administered the single dose of ABPC at the rate of 30 mg/hive by addition to sugar syrup or pollen substitute (paste) for 1 day intake. The colonies received ABPC in syrup showed high drug residue levels in honey and it lasted over 14 days beyond the detection limit of residual analysis. In the hives given ABPC in paste, relatively low honey residues were found, however, the distributions of the drug in young larvae and jelly which was the food of the larvae were very low. ABPC was considered to be a promising drug for the control of American foulbrood, an important bacterial disease of honeybee larvae, because of its high antibacterial activity to the pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae, and instability of residue in honey as human food. The low distribution in young larvae, the target of the disease, threw a doubt on the efficacy of ABPC for American foulbrood control.
Administration, Oral↗
Effects of chronic treatment with carvedilol on smooth muscle tone and endothelium-dependent relaxation of aorta in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Effects of chronic treatment of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) with carvedilol, an agent which has both alpha and beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions, on spontaneous muscle tone and on structural and functional abnormalities of endothelium were studied. The treatment of SHRSP with the drug of the dose of 30 to 200 mg/kg/day lowered the blood pressure significantly. Spontaneous muscle tone in endothelium-removed preparation disappeared by the treatment. Noradrenaline-induced contraction was depressed by the treatment in endothelium intact preparation but not in endothelium removed preparation. The treatment prevented the structural and functional abnormalities of endothelium. Similar results were obtained by the treatment with propranolol. These results indicate that carvedilol prevented abnormal contraction of SHRSP aorta through protective effects on smooth muscle and endothelium. These effects may play roles in blood pressure lowering effect of carvedilol.
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
Histamine-induced calcium released from cultured human mucosal microvascular endothelial cells from nasal inferior turbinate.
Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured human mucosal microvascular endothelial cells (HMMECs) from nasal inferior turbinate were measured using a fluorescent Ca(2+)-sensitive dye, fura-2, and photometric fluorescence microscopy. Histamine caused a transient increase in intracellular free Ca2+ in cell populations and in individual cells, followed by a decrease to a sustained elevation. Histamine (100 microM) elevated [Ca2+]i in HMMECs up to 563 +/- 20 nM from a resting level of 60 +/- 45 nM (means +/- SD, n = 31). Promethazine (a histamine H1 receptor antagonist) inhibited [Ca2+]i increase during histamine stimulation, whereas cimetidine (a H2 receptor antagonist) and thioperamide (a H3 receptor antagonist) showed no inhibition. These results suggest that the histamine increase [Ca2+]i in HMMECs induces both a Ca2+ release from stores and a Ca2+ influx through activation of the H1 receptor.
Calcium↗
Risperidone in the elderly: a pharmacoepidemiologic study.
BACKGROUND: The possibly limited adverse effects of risperidone encourage interest in its use in geriatric patients. METHOD: Medical records of 122 hospitalized psychogeriatric patients (> or = 65 years old) newly treated with risperidone were reviewed and scored for indications, doses, and effects of this novel neuroleptic. RESULTS: Subjects (83 women, 39 men), mean +/- SD age = 76.5 +/- 6.8 years (range, 65-95), were given risperidone for agitation or psychosis associated with dementia (53%), a major mood disorder (29%), or other disorders (18%). Most (77%) were also medically ill and received other psychotropic (76%) or cardiovascular agents (70%). Daily doses of risperidone averaged 1.6 +/- 1.1 mg (range, 0.25-8.0) (0.025 mg/kg body wt.); 78% received 2.0 mg. Risperidone appeared to be effective in 85% of cases, but 18% were discontinued due to intolerability (11%) or inefficacy (7%). Adverse events occurred in 32% of the patients (36% of those discontinued). These adverse events included hypotension (29%) or symptomatic orthostasis (10%), cardiac arrest (1.6%) with fatality (0.8%), and extrapyramidal effects (11%) or delirium (1.6%). Benefits were associated with younger age and male gender, but not risperidone dose. Adverse effects were associated with cardiovascular disease and its treatment, cotreatment with an SRI antidepressant or valproate, and relatively rapid dose increases. CONCLUSION: Risperidone appeared to be effective and may be safe for many elderly psychiatric patients with comorbid medical conditions provided that doses are low and increased slowly. Particular caution is advised in the presence of cardiovascular disease or cotreatment with other psychotropic agents.
Age Factors↗
[A resected case of bronchogenic cyst of the left hemidiaphragm with elevated serum CA19-9].
A rare case of bronchogenic cyst of the left hemidiaphragm is reported. A 53-year-old woman referred to our institution for an abnormal shadow on chest roentgenogram. Chest X-ray showed a 6 x 6 cm mass in the left lower lung filed. The margin of the mass was clear and the surface was smooth. The lateral view showed a mass on the diaphragm with the extrapleural sign. Chest CT demonstrated the mass as a multi loculated cyst. Celiac angiography demonstrated the branch of the inferior diaphragmatic artery at the margin of the mass. Her serum CA19-9 level was 470 U/ml. The patient underwent surgical exploration. Operative findings showed the smooth surface mass was on the diaphragm covered with pleura. Resected tumor was large as 7.5 x 6.5 x 4.0 cm. The surface was smooth and white-yellowish, and the cut surface presented a multi loculated cyts. Histopathological examination showed a bronchogenic cyst. CA19-9 in the cyst fluid was elevated as 445,900 U/ml. The serum CA19-9 level returned to normal after the operation.
Bronchogenic Cyst↗
Pharmacokinetics of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate. 1st communication: absorption, distribution and excretion after single administration of 14C-labeled compound to rats and dogs.
The absorption, distribution and excretion of radioactivity were studied in rats and dogs after intravenous or oral administration of NS-21 ((+/-)-4-diethylamino-1, 1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate, CAS 129927-33-4). 14C-NS-21 was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration to rats and dogs. NS-21 was absorbed throughout the whole area of the small intestine. NS-21 entered the systemic circulation via the portal vein because the transfer of radioactivity into the lymph was negligible. The presence of food did not affect the absorption ratio of NS-21. There was no difference in the plasma concentrations of radioactivity after intravenous and oral administrations of 14C-NS-21 to male and female rats. After oral administration of 3, 30 or 100 mg/kg of 14C-NS-21 to rats, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased in a dose-dependent manner. After oral administration of 14C-NS-21 to rats, radioactivity was distributed throughout the whole body. The concentrations of radioactivity in most tissues reached their maximums within 2 h, and then declined as the plasma concentration decreased. No radioactivity was detected in most tissues 168 h after administration. In vitro serum binding of 14C-NS-21 was more than 98% in all the animal species tested. NS-21 bound to both human serum albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Radioactivity was mainly excreted into the feces via bile in rats, and evenly excreted into the urine and feces in dogs. No differences were observed in the excretion of radioactivity between male and female rats.
Administration, Oral↗
Pharmacokinetics of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate. 2nd communication: tissue levels and enzyme activity in rats after repeated administration, and placental and milk transfer after single administration.
The absorption, distribution and excretion of radioactivity in rats were studied during and after repeated oral administration of 30 mg/kg of NS-21 ((+/-)-4-diethylamino-1, 1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate, CAS 129927-33-4) once a day for 21 days. The plasma concentrations of radioactivity 24 h after each administration of 14C-NS-21 reached a steady state on the 5th day. 48 h after the 21st administration, the plasma concentrations of radioactivity were under the detection limit. The plasma concentrations of the radioactivity after the 7th oral administration of 14C-NS-21 was higher than that after the single administration, but similar to those after the 14th and 21st administrations. There were no marked differences in the elimination half-lives after each administration. The urinary and fecal excretion of the radioactivity was 21.5 and 81.3%, respectively, within 168 h after the 21st administration. In most tissues, no radioactivity was observed 336 h after the 21st administration. Repeated oral administration of 30 and 100 mg/kg of NS-21 once a day for 7 days had no effect on the cytochrome P-450 content, aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activity in rat liver. The transfer of radioactivity into fetuses and milk was investigated after single oral administration of 14C-NS-21 to female rats. In the 18th day pregnant rats, the radioactivity concentrations were lower in most fetal tissues than in the maternal plasma. After oral administration of 14C-NS-21 to lactating rats, the concentrations of radioactivity were higher in the milk than in the maternal plasma during an 8-h period. No radioactivity was observed in milk 48 h after administration.
Animals↗
Pharmacokinetics of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate. 3rd communication: plasma concentrations of the unchanged drug and its deethylated metabolite in rats, dogs and monkeys.
1. The plasma concentrations of NS-21 ((+/-)-4-diehtylamino-1, 1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate, CAS 129927-33-4) and its deethylated metabolite (RCC-36) after intravenous and oral administrations of (S/R)-NS-21 were measured in rats, dogs and monkeys. After intravenous administration, the plasma concentrations of NS-21 decreased biexponentially. The half-lives of NS-21 in the elimination phase were 2.2 h in rats, 5.3 h in dogs and 15.4 h in monkeys. After oral administration, the systemic availabilities were 4% in rats, 22% in dogs and 6% in monkeys. After intravenous administration, the plasma concentrations of RCC-36 were much lower than those of the unchanged drug in all the animal species tested. In contrast, after oral administration, the plasma concentrations of RCC-36 were comparable to those of the unchanged drug in rats and dogs, and were higher in monkeys. This result suggests that RCC-36 is mainly produced by the first-pass effect. 2. The plasma concentrations of NS-21 and RCC-36 after intravenous and oral administrations of (S)- or (R)-NS-21 were measured in dogs. The AUC value of the unchanged drug after intravenous administration of (R)-NS-21 was about twice as large as that of (S)-NS-21. After oral administration, the systemic availabilities of (S)- and (R)-NS-21 were 17 and 22%, respectively. There were no differences in the serum binding between (S)- and (R)-NS-21 in any of the animal species tested including humans. (S)- and (R)-NS-21 were mainly converted to RCC-36 and a 4-cyclohydroxylated metabolite (NS-21-4-OH) in hepatic microsomes of rats, dogs and monkeys. There were no marked differences in the N-deethylation of (S)- and (R)-NS-21 in all the animals. In contrast, (S)-NS-21 was converted to NS-21-4-OH more preferentially than (R)-NS-21 only in dogs. These findings indicate that the stereo-selective disposition of NS-21 in dogs is due to the stereo-selective cyclohydroxylation of NS-21.
Administration, Oral↗
Pharmacokinetics of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate. 4th communication: metabolism in rats and dogs.
1. The metabolism of NS-21 ((+/-)-4-diethylamino-1, 1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate, CAS 129927-33-4) was investigated in rats and dogs. Only a trace amount of the unchanged drug was excreted into urine and bile. This result indicates that NS-21 is extensively metabolized. 2. Seven metabolites (M-1 to M-7) were isolated from rat urine after oral administration of NS-21. Their chemical structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry and co-chromatography with the authentic compounds. On the basis of these results, we postulate that NS-21 is metabolized through the following 3 pathways; 1) N-deethylation, 2) hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring, and 3)hydrolysis of the ester bond. 3. The concentrations of NS-21 and its metabolites in the plasma, liver, kidney and lung were determined after single and repeated oral administrations of 14C-NS-21. The concentrations of the unchanged drug and its N-deethylated metabolite (RCC-36) in the tissues were higher than those in the plasma 1 h after single administration. There were no differences in the tissue concentrations of the unchanged drug between single and repeated administration except in the liver. 4. After oral administration of 14C-NS-21 to urinary-ducts cannulated rats, the concentrations of the unchanged drug and RCC-36 in the bladder, the target organ, were higher than in the plasma.
Animals↗
[Idiopathic superior mesenteric venous thrombosis--a case report].
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Humans↗
[Decision support of clinical laboratory test by object-oriented data base].
We have constructed an object-oriented database system, using prescription, lab test result, and disease registry data, transmitted from the order entry system of Hamamatsu University Medical School Hospital. It serves not only numeric data but also semantics of laboratory results. The database system has a feature to categorize each data into structured hierarchies of attributes. By this, the user can retrieve abstract level descriptions such as "prescriptions of anti-inflammation medicines, suppository only", "any kind of gastric ulcer", etc., which is expected to be useful for researchers and students. In transferring order entry data from HIS, HL7-ASTM E1238 standard data formats using the Japan Association of Clinical Pathology lab test item code are utilized, proving this system's transferability to other hospitals. This is the first real use implementation of an object-oriented data base in a clinical setting, and results are promising in terms of providing an intelligent clinical database. Also discussed are future trends of clinical master files, hospital administrative tools, and multi vendor configurations of HIS.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗