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Biomedical subjects

A Mukherjee

Publications and source records attributed to A Mukherjee.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Sporotrichoid presentations in leprosy.

Two adult patients of leprosy, one woman and one man, presented with a clinical picture simulating sporotrichosis. The skin and regional nerve trunk was affected in one, and in the other the disease was confined to the nerve. Both had features of an upgrading reaction following anti-leprosy therapy; this was seen as erosion and scarring of the plaque, and acute onset of abscesses along the easily palpable and thickened nerve that ruptured through the skin. The diagnosis was supported by histopathology. In the light of other infections that give rise to a sporotrichoid pattern of infection it is concluded that leprosy should also be included in this category so that early diagnosis and use of corticosteroids can be implemented quickly to prevent nerve destruction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

hexA of Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora strain Ecc71 negatively regulates production of RpoS and rsmB RNA, a global regulator of extracellular proteins, plant virulence and the quorum-sensing signal, N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone.

The soft-rotting bacterium, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (E. c. carotovora), produces an array of extracellular enzymes (= exoenzymes), including pectate lyase (Pel), polygalacturonase (Peh), cellulase (Cel) and protease (Prt), as well as HarpinEcc, the elicitor of hypersensitive reaction (HR). The production of these exoenzymes and HarpinEcc responds to plant products and the quorum-sensing signal [N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone; OHL] and is subject to both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. hexA of E. c. carotovora strain Ecc71 (hereafter hexA71), like that of another E. c. carotovora strain, negatively controls the production of exoenzymes, OHL and virulence in E. c. carotovora strain Ecc71. In addition to exoenzymes, HexA71 negatively regulates the expression of hrpNEcc, the structural gene for HarpinEcc. Exoenzyme overproduction is abolished by OHL deficiency in a HexA- and Ohll- double mutant, indicating that HexA and OHL are components of a common regulatory pathway controlling exoenzyme production. HexA71 negatively affects RpoS, as the levels of this alternative sigma factor are higher in the HexA- mutant than in the HexA+ strain. However, a HexA- and RpoS double mutant produces higher levels of exoenzymes and transcripts of pel-1, peh-1 and celVgenes than the HexA- and RpoS+ parent. Thus, the elevated levels of RpoS protein in the HexA- mutant do not account for exoenzyme overproduction. The following evidence associates for the first time the phenotypic changes in the HexA mutant to overproduction of rsmB RNA, a global regulator of exoenzymes, HarpinEcc, OHL and secondary metabolites. Analyses of rsmB transcripts and expression of an rsmB-lacZoperon fusion in E. c. carotovora strain Ecc71 revealed that HexA71 negatively regulates transcription of rsmB. Multiple copies of hexA71+ DNA suppress various phenotypes, including exoenzyme production in E. c. carotovora strain Ecc71, and concomitantly inhibit the production of rsmB, pel-1, peh-1, celV and hrpNEcc transcripts. Multiple copies of rsmB+ DNA, on the other hand, stimulate exoenzyme production by relieving the negative effects of a chromosomal copy of hexA+. The occurrence of hexA homologues and the negative effect of the dosage of hexA71 DNA on rsmB transcripts were also detected in other E. c. carotovora strains as well as Erwinia carotovora atroseptica and Erwinia carotovora betavasculorum. Extrapolating from the findings with LrhA, the Escherichia coli homologue of HexA, and the presence of sprE homologues in E. carotovora subspecies, we propose that HexA71 controls several regulatory pathways in E. carotovora including rsmB transcription and the production of SprEEcc which, in turn, affects RpoS levels. A model is presented that integrates the findings presented here and our current knowledge of the major regulatory network that controls exoprotein production in soft-rotting Erwinia carotovora subspecies.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed2000

Lichen scrofulosorum - a series of eight cases.

Lichen scrofulosorum is a rare entity of children and young adults. The cutaneous lesions are typically symptomless papular eruptions, associated with a strong Mantoux reaction, tuberculosis of lymph nodes and/or other organs. Eight patients between the ages of 5 and 36 years were included in this series. Lesions were commonly seen on the trunk, though a case of involvement of the palms and soles was also observed. Pulmonary tuberculosis was seen in 5 adults; 1 patient each had pleural effusion, tuberculous adenitis and tuberculoma, respectively. Histopathological examination typically showed epithelioid cell granulomas around hair follicles. The histogenesis is unclear, a type IV hypersensitivity reaction provoked by chronic tubercular infection is probable. The patients responded well to antituberculous therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Mycobacterium w vaccine, a useful adjuvant to multidrug therapy in multibacillary leprosy: a report on hospital based immunotherapeutic clinical trials with a follow-up of 1-7 years after treatment.

A vaccine based on autoclaved Mycobacterium w was administered, in addition to standard multidrug therapy (MDT), to 156 bacteriologically positive, lepromin negative multibacillary leprosy patients compared to a well matched control group of 145 patients with a similar type of disease who received a placebo injection in addition to MDT. The MDT was given for a minimum period of 2 years and continued until skin smear negativity, while the vaccine was given at 3-month intervals up to a maximum of eight doses. The fall in clinical scores and bacteriological indices was significantly more rapid in vaccinated patients, from 6 months onward until years 2 or 3 of therapy. However, no difference was observed in the fall in bacteriological index in the two groups from year 4 onwards. The number of LL and BL patients released from therapy (RFT) following attainment of skin smear negativity, after 24-29 months of treatment was 84/133 (63.1%) in vaccinated and 30/120 (25.0%) in the placebo group; the difference was highly statistically significant (P < 0.0001). In all, 90.2% patients (146/162) converted from lepromin negativity to positivity in the vaccine group, as against 37.9% (56/148) in the placebo group. The average duration of lepromin positivity maintained following eight doses of vaccine administered over 2 years was 3.016 years in the vaccine and 0.920 years in the placebo group. Histological upgrading after 2 years of treatment in the LL type was observed in 34/84 (40.5%) cases in the vaccine and 5/85 (5.9%) cases in the placebo group, the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.001). The incidence of type 1 reactions was significantly higher (30.5%) in the vaccine group than (19.7%) in the placebo group (P = 0.0413); the difference was mainly observed in LL type (P = 0.009). The incidence of type 2 reactions was similar (31.8 and 34.6%) in vaccine and placebo groups. The vaccine did not precipitate neuritis or impairments over and above that encountered with MDT alone. After 5 years of follow-up following RFT, no incidence of bacteriological or clinical relapses was observed in both groups.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed2000

Reactional states and neuritis in multibacillary leprosy patients following MDT with/without immunotherapy with Mycobacterium w antileprosy vaccine.

A vaccine based on autoclaved Mycobacterium w was administered, in addition to standard multidrug therapy (MDT), to 157 untreated, bacteriologically positive, lepromin negative multibacillary leprosy patients, supported by a well matched control group of 147 patients with similar type of disease, who received a placebo injection in addition to MDT. The MDT was given for a minimum period of 2 years and continued until skin smear negativity, while the vaccine/placebo was given at 3-monthly intervals up to a maximum of eight doses. The incidence of type 2 reaction and neuritis during treatment and follow-up showed no statistically significant difference in the vaccine and placebo groups. The incidence of type 1 reaction (mild in most cases), however, was higher in the vaccine group (P = 0.041, relative risk ratio 1.79), considering LL, BL and BB leprosy types together, and considerably higher (P = 0.009) in LL type, probably because of confounding due to higher number of patients with previous history of reaction in this group. The occurrence of reactions and neuritis in terms of single or multiple episodes was similar in the vaccine and placebo groups. The association of neuritis and reactions, as well as their timing of occurrence (during MDT or follow-up), was also similar in the two groups, with more than 90% of occurrences taking place during MDT. The incidence of reversal reaction was significantly higher among the males in the vaccine group (34.5% versus 8.3%, P = 0.019). Patients with high initial BI (4.1-6.0) showed higher incidence of reactions (70.3%) as compared to those with medium (2.1-4.0) and low (0.3-2.0) BI where the reactions were observed with a frequency of 56.1% and 38.8%, respectively. However, unlike reactions, neuritis incidence did not seem to be affected by initial BI to the same extent in the vaccine group, with frequencies of 35.3%, 36.3% and 25.9% in the three mentioned BI ranges. Overall, the vaccine did not precipitate reactional states and neuritis over and above that observed with MDT alone.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed2000

Nodal metastases with unknown primary--an unusual presentation of carcinoid tumor.

Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells and produce their symptoms mainly through secreted amines, and by a local desmoplastic response. The critical issue in the management of advanced carcinoid tumors is preservation of quality of life and symptomatic relief. This is because of the characteristic indolent growth which makes survival a secondary consideration, and the relative rarity of the condition. Although systemic therapy has been shown to improve symptoms, true survival benefit has not been established. We present a case of carcinoid tumor that has metastasized to mesenteric nodes, and probably other locations, with an occult primary site. The patient remains completely asymptomatic and continues to enjoy a normal lifestyle. No references were found in the literature concerning the management of asymptomatic, but metastatic carcinoids. This case thus constitutes a unique situation in which further treatment may not be beneficial and may even be harmful. Nevertheless, additional treatment is an important consideration in view of the known poor survival of those with metastatic disease versus localized, resectable tumor. However, the concept of medical therapy to improve survival in an asymptomatic individual, though theoretically attractive, has little precedence. In this article we have tried to address the therapeutic dilemma posed by this unusual clinical scenario.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Induction of lepromin positivity and immunoprophylaxis in household contacts of multibacillary leprosy patients: a pilot study with a candidate vaccine, Mycobacterium w.

We screened 487 household contacts of multibacillary (MB) patients for evidence of disease and their lepromin status. From the 444 results available, 302 (68.02%) were lepromin positive and 142 (31.98%) were lepromin negative on initial testing. The initial lepromin status as assessed in the group of 54 contacts having disease at the outset showed 24 out of 46 (52.2%) to be lepromin positive and 22 of 46 (47.8%) to be lepromin negative. In the same group, among 24 lepromin positives, 22 (91.7%) had paucibacillary (PB) and 2 (8.3%) had multibacillary (MB) disease; among the lepromin negatives, 12 (54.5%) had PB and 10 (45.5%) had MB disease. Out of 72 initially lepromin-negative contacts administered Mycobacterium w vaccine and followed up, the cumulative percentages show that 53 (73.6%) converted to positivity after a single dose, 10 (87.5%) after a second dose and 67 (93.1%) after the third dose. The incidence of new cases with leprosy was 8 out of 231 (3.46%) among lepromin-positive contacts and 5 out of 93 (5.38%) among lepromin-negative contacts administered Mycobacterium w vaccine. Among 231 lepromin-positive contacts, the new cases occurred in those with a 1+ and 2+ lepromin response only, and no case occurred among 51 contacts with a 3+ lepromin response. The incidence among lepromin-positive contacts in this study (3.46%) was similar to the observations in two other studies: 3.2% by Dharmendra, et al. and 6.9% by Chaudhary, et al. However, the incidence among lepromin-negative contacts administered Mycobacterium w vaccine was significantly lower than that observed among lepromin-negative contacts not administered any vaccination in the other two studies (14.1% by Dharmendra, et al. and 29.0% by Chaudhary, et al.). To conclude, although a study of small sample size, the preliminary evaluation indicates that administration of Mycobacterium w vaccine seems to have the potential to reduce the incidence of leprosy among household contacts of leprosy patients. More explicit results about the vaccine will be available from the ongoing field trials in Kanpur Dehat in the near future.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed2000

Breast filariasis--a case report.

An unusual presentation of filariasis as a breast lump simulating breast carcinoma, in a 50 year old woman residing in Pokhara, Nepal. The case was reported on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and also evaluated by histopathology. Morphology of the nematode is that of Brugia species which is unusual in Nepal.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The MinC component of the division site selection system in Escherichia coli interacts with FtsZ to prevent polymerization.

Positioning of the Z ring at the midcell site in Escherichia coli is assured by the min system, which masks polar sites through topological regulation of MinC, an inhibitor of division. To study how MinC inhibits division, we have generated a MalE-MinC fusion that retains full biological activity. We find that MalE-MinC interacts with FtsZ and prevents polymerization without inhibiting FtsZ's GTPase activity. MalE-MinC19 has reduced ability to inhibit division, reduced affinity for FtsZ, and reduced ability to inhibit FtsZ polymerization. These results, along with MinC localization, suggest that MinC rapidly oscillates between the poles of the cell to destabilize FtsZ filaments that have formed before they mature into polar Z rings.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1999

Affinity labeling of the androgen receptor with nonsteroidal chemoaffinity ligands.

We synthesized a series of potential chemoaffinity ligands for the androgen receptor (AR) by means of structural modifications of bicalutamide, a known nonsteroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of hormone-dependent prostate cancer. We determined AR binding affinities of these ligands, identified chemoaffinity ligands by exchange assays, and confirmed irreversible binding to the AR by Scatchard analyses. AR binding affinity was determined in a competitive binding assay with a radiolabeled high-affinity AR ligand, [3H]mibolerone ([3H]MIB). For exchange assays, AR were incubated with an excess of each ligand, and then adsorbed onto hydroxyapatite (HAP). HAP-bound AR then were incubated with [3H]MIB to determine the remaining exchangeable specific binding sites. To determine the concentration of binding sites (Bmax), using Scatchard analysis, AR were incubated with a fixed concentration of ligand and increasing [3H]MIB concentrations. The ligands showed a wide range of AR binding affinities. In the exchange assays, three isothiocyanate derivatives of R-bicalutamide, the p-isothiocyanate (R-4), the p-thio-isothiocyanate (R-6), and the m-isothiocyanate (R-3), reduced exchangeable specific binding of [3H]MIB by 85, 84, and 50%, respectively. The S-isomer of p-thio-isothiocyanate (S-6), which showed 700-fold lower AR binding affinity than R-6, did not reduce exchangeable specific binding of [3H]MIB. In Scatchard analyses, the isothiocyanate derivatives R-3, R-4, and R-6 showed significant and progressive reduction in Bmax at increasing concentrations. The results indicate that initial specific reversible AR binding was required for subsequent covalent labeling, and that R-3, R-4, and R-6 bound the AR specifically and irreversibly. These isothiocyanate derivatives of R-bicalutamide are the first specific chemoaffinity ligands for the AR, and will provide valuable tools for the molecular characterization of the ligand binding domain of the AR.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed1999

Hydrogeological investigation of ground water arsenic contamination in south Calcutta.

Typical clinical symptoms of acute arsenic poisoning have been detected in 1000 residents near a factory in P.N. Mitra Lane, Behala, South Calcutta, located in a thickly populated area manufacturing copper acetoarsenite (Paris-Green) an arsenical pesticide for the past 25 years. Soil around the effluent dumping point of the factory was exceptionally contaminated, with arsenic, copper and chromium concentrations of 20,100-35,500 mg kg-1, 33,900-51,100 mg kg-1 and 5300-5510 mg kg-1. Arsenic and copper concentrations in bore-hole soils collected up to a depth of 24.4 m at the effluent dumping point, decreased with depth. Arsenous acid, arsenic acid, methylarsonic acid (MA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were detected in bore-hole soils up to a depth of 1.37 m, after which only inorganic arsenical compounds were present. A positive correlation was established between arsenic and copper authenticated the Paris-Green waste disposal site as the source of contamination. Mechanism of ground water contamination from this disposal site had been probed by a systematic hydrogeological survey and the arsenic content of the tube-well waters in the surrounding areas. Hydraulic conductivity was maximum in the central part. The site for disposal of the effluent was a ditch located in the zone of discharge. Sparingly soluble Paris-Green cumulatively deposited in the waste disposal site is decomposed by micro-organisms to water-soluble forms and finally percolated to underground aquifers along with rain water through the discharge zone. The contaminant is currently moving towards WNW with ground water flow and the residents in the direction of encroaching contamination are insecure due to penetration of the contaminant.

Arsenic↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetics of aminolevulinic acid after intravesical administration to dogs.

PURPOSE: To examine the stability and systemic absorption of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in dogs during intravesical administration. METHODS: Nine dogs received an intravesical dose of ALA either with no prior treatment, after receiving ammonium chloride for urinary acidification, or after receiving sodium bicarbonate for urinary alkalinization. Urine and blood samples collected during and after administration were monitored for ALA using an HPLC assay developed in our laboratories. Concentrations of pyrazine 2,5-dipropionic acid, the major ALA degradation product, and radiolabeled inulin, a nonabsorbable marker for urine volume, were also determined. RESULTS: Less than 0.6% of intravesical ALA doses was absorbed into plasma. Urine concentrations decreased to 37% of the initial concentration during the 2 hour instillation. Decreases in urinary ALA and radiolabeled inulin concentrations were significantly correlated, indicating that urine dilution accounted for over 80% of observed decreases in urinary ALA. ALA conversion to pyrazine 2,5-dipropionic acid was negligible. CONCLUSIONS: These studies demonstrate that ALA is stable and poorly absorbed into the systemic circulation during intravesical instillation. Future studies utilizing intravesical ALA for photodiagnosis of bladder cancer should include measures to restrict fluid intake as a means to limit dilution and maximize ALA concentrations during instillation.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed1999

Recruitment of ZipA to the division site by interaction with FtsZ.

ZipA is an essential cell division protein in Escherichia coli that is recruited to the division site early in the division cycle. As it is anchored to the membrane and interacts with FtsZ, it is a candidate for tethering FtsZ filaments to the membrane during the formation of the Z ring. In this study, we have investigated the requirements for ZipA localization to the division site. ZipA requires FtsZ, but not FtsA or FtsI, to be localized, indicating that it is recruited by FtsZ. Consistent with this, apparently normal Z rings are formed in the absence of ZipA. The interaction between FtsZ and ZipA occurs through their carboxy-terminal domains. Although a MalE-ZipA fusion binds to FtsZ filaments, it does not affect the GTPase activity or dynamics of the filaments. These results are consistent with ZipA acting after Z ring formation, possibly to link the membrane to FtsZ filaments during invagination of the septum.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1999

rsmC of the soft-rotting bacterium Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora negatively controls extracellular enzyme and harpin(Ecc) production and virulence by modulating levels of regulatory RNA (rsmB) and RNA-binding protein (RsmA).

Previous studies have shown that the production of extracellular enzymes (pectate lyase [Pel], polygalacturonase [Peh], cellulase [Cel], and protease [Prt]) and harpin(Ecc) (the elicitor of hypersensitive reaction) in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is regulated by RsmA, an RNA-binding protein, and rsmB, a regulatory RNA (Rsm stands for regulator of secondary metabolites) (Y. Liu et al., Mol. Microbiol. 29:219-234, 1998). We have cloned and characterized a novel regulatory gene, rsmC, that activates RsmA production and represses extracellular enzyme and harpin(Ecc) production, rsmB transcription, and virulence in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. In an rsmC knockout mutant of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora Ecc71 carrying the chromosomal copy of the wild-type rsmA(+) allele, the basal levels of Pel, Peh, Cel, Prt, and harpin(Ecc) as well as the amounts of rsmB, pel-1, peh-1, celV, and hrpN(Ecc) transcripts are high, whereas the levels of rsmA transcripts and RsmA protein are low. Furthermore, the expression of an rsmA-lacZ gene fusion is lower in the RsmC(-) mutant than in the RsmC(+) parent. Conversely, the expression of an rsmB-lacZ operon fusion is higher in the RsmC(-) mutant than in the RsmC(+) parent. These observations establish that RsmC negatively regulates rsmB transcription but positively affects RsmA production. Indeed, comparative studies with an RsmC(-) mutant, an RsmA(-) mutant, and an RsmA(-) RsmC(-) double mutant have revealed that the negative effects on exoprotein production and virulence are due to the cumulative regulatory effects of RsmC on rsmA and rsmB. Exoprotein production by the RsmC(-) mutant is partially dependent on the quorum sensing signal, N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. Southern blot data and analysis of PCR products disclosed the presence of rsmC sequences in E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, E. carotovora subsp. betavasculorum, and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. These findings collectively support the idea that rsmA and rsmB expression in these plant pathogenic Erwinia species is controlled by RsmC or a functional homolog of RsmC.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of FtsZ assembly by light scattering and determination of the role of divalent metal cations.

FtsZ is an ancestral homologue of tubulin that polymerizes in a GTP-dependent manner. In this study, we used 90 degrees angle light scattering to investigate FtsZ polymerization. The critical concentration for polymerization obtained by this method is similar to that obtained by centrifugation, confirming that the light scattering is proportional to polymer mass. Furthermore, the dynamics of FtsZ polymerization could be readily monitored by light scattering. Polymerization was very rapid, reaching steady state within 30 s. The length of the steady-state phase was proportional to the GTP concentration and was followed by a rapid decrease in light scattering. This decrease indicated net depolymerization that always occurred as the GTP in the reaction was consumed. FtsZ polymerization was observed over the pH range 6.5 to 7.9. Importantly, Mg2+ was not required for polymerization although it was required for the dynamic behavior of the polymers. It was reported that 7 to 25 mM Ca2+ mediated dynamic assembly of FtsZ (X. -C. Yu and W. Margolin, EMBO J. 16:5455-5463, 1997). However, we found that Ca2+ was not required for FtsZ assembly and that this concentration of Ca2+ reduced the dynamic behavior of FtsZ assembly.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1999

kdgREcc negatively regulates genes for pectinases, cellulase, protease, HarpinEcc, and a global RNA regulator in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora produces extracellular pectate lyase (Pel), polygalacturonase (Peh), cellulase (Cel), and protease (Prt). The concerted actions of these enzymes largely determine the virulence of this plant-pathogenic bacterium. E. carotovora subsp. carotovora also produces HarpinEcc, the elicitor of the hypersensitive reaction. We document here that KdgREcc (Kdg, 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate; KdgR, general repressor of genes involved in pectin and galacturonate catabolism), a homolog of the E. chrysanthemi repressor, KdgREch and the Escherichia coli repressor, KdgREco, negatively controls not only the pectinases, Pel and Peh, but also Cel, Prt, and HarpinEcc production in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. The levels of pel-1, peh-1, celV, and hrpNEcc transcripts are markedly affected by KdgREcc. The KdgREcc- mutant is more virulent than the KdgREcc+ parent. Thus, our data for the first time establish a global regulatory role for KdgREcc in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. Another novel observation is the negative effect of KdgREcc on the transcription of rsmB (previously aepH), which specifies an RNA regulator controlling exoenzyme and HarpinEcc production. The levels of rsmB RNA are higher in the KdgREcc- mutant than in the KdgREcc+ parent. Moreover, by DNase I protection assays we determined that purified KdgREcc protected three 25-bp regions within the transcriptional unit of rsmB. Alignment of the protected sequences revealed the 21-mer consensus sequence of the KdgREcc-binding site as 5'-G/AA/TA/TGAAA[N6]TTTCAG/TG/TA-3'. Two such KdgREcc-binding sites occur in rsmB DNA in a close proximity to each other within nucleotides +79 and +139 and the third KdgREcc-binding site within nucleotides +207 and +231. Analysis of lacZ transcriptional fusions shows that the KdgR-binding sites negatively affect the expression of rsmB. KdgREcc also binds the operator DNAs of pel-1 and peh-1 genes and represses expression of a pel1-lacZ and a peh1-lacZ transcriptional fusions. We conclude that KdgREcc affects extracellular enzyme production by two ways: (i) directly, by inhibiting the transcription of exoenzyme genes; and (ii) indirectly, by preventing the production of a global RNA regulator. Our findings support the idea that KdgREcc affects transcription by promoter occlusion, i.e., preventing the initiation of transcription, and by a roadblock mechanism, i.e., by affecting the elongation of transcription.

Amino Acid Sequence↗