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Biomedical subjects

A Molavi

Publications and source records attributed to A Molavi.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Cephalosporins: rationale for clinical use.

Cephalosporins, the most widely used class of antibiotics, are more resistant than penicillins to inactivation by beta-lactamases. Based on their spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria, cephalosporins are classified into three generations. The generation classification, however, does not correlate with activity against gram-positive bacteria or anaerobes. First-generation cephalosporins have a narrow gram-negative spectrum but are most active against gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. Third-generation compounds have excellent activity against gram-negative bacteria. The cephamycins, a second-generation subgroup that includes cefoxitin, cefotetan and cefmetazole, have the best activity against anaerobes.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1990

Zidovudine for the treatment of HIV infection.

Zidovudine, the first widely used antiretroviral agent, prevents replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by inhibiting reverse transcriptase. Its use in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome slows progression of the disease and prolongs survival. Zidovudine also significantly reduces the rate of progression to AIDS in adults with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4 T-lymphocyte counts below 500 per mm3. The major toxicity of the drug is bone marrow suppression resulting in anemia or granulocytopenia, or both. Recently, lower doses have been shown to be effective and are associated with less toxicity.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Clostridial endocarditis. Report of a case caused by Clostridium bifermentans and review of the literature.

A case of Clostridium bifermentans endocarditis occurred in a 23-year-old man who was an intravenous drug user. There was no history of preexisting valvular heart disease. He was initially treated with high-dose penicillin G potassium but remained bacteremic for a ten-day period. The bacteremia resolved when the therapy was changed to metronidazole hydrochloride. A review of the 16 reported cases of clostridial endocarditis showed no predisposing host factor to the development of the disease. Penicillin is the treatment of choice for clostridial endocarditis, but metronidazole should be considered as an alternate therapy for treatment that fails.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Pentamidine for the prevention and treatment of P. carinii pneumonia.

Pentamidine is effective in both the treatment and the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The agent may be administered by slow intravenous infusion or aerosol, although intravenous therapy is associated with a wide range of adverse reactions, including nephrotoxicity, hypoglycemia and neutropenia. Toxic effects may occur in up to 25 percent of patients.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1988

Necrotizing fasciitis in adults due to group B streptococcus. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Necrotizing fasciitis is an uncommon severe infection involving subcutaneous tissues and advancing along fascial planes. Group B streptococcal infections occur disproportionately in diabetics and pregnant women. Although fasciitis secondary to group B streptococcus has been described in infants and adult women in the postpartum period, we report the first case, to our knowledge, of group B streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in an adult diabetic unrelated to obstetric complications.

Fasciitis↗
PubMed1987

Efficacy and safety of aztreonam in the treatment of serious gram-negative bacterial infections.

Aztreonam was used in the initial treatment of infection of the urinary tract (23 cases), respiratory tract (17 cases), skin and soft tissue (12 cases), abdominal cavity (three cases), endocarditis (two cases), septicemia (eight cases), and osteomyelitis (two cases). In 26 of 60 evaluable infectious episodes, aztreonam was used alone. Clinical cure was observed in 35 of 60, improvement in 24 of 60, and failure in one of 60 cases. Ten patients developed subsequent superinfection. Aztreonam was well tolerated, although one case of exfoliative dermatitis and one of pseudomembranous colitis occurred. However, these cases were complicated by proximal administration of other antibiotics.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Gram-negative bacillary meningitis.

The incidence of gram-negative bacillary meningitis has increased significantly in the past two decades. Approximately two thirds of all reported cases have occurred after neurosurgical procedures. With the development of the newer cephalosporins, the overall mortality rate has decreased from 40 to 80 per cent to 10 to 20 per cent.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1985

Tuberculous meningitis.

Tuberculous meningitis arises from the discharge of bacilli from a subjacent caseous focus into the subarachnoid space. Meningeal involvement is most marked at the base of the brain. The clinical spectrum is very broad and the outcome of therapy depends mainly on the stage of disease at the time treatment is instituted.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1984

Cefmenoxime. Clinical, bacteriologic, and pharmacologic studies.

Cefmenoxime, a new semisynthetic third-generation cephalosporin, was evaluated in 105 patients (45 men and 60 women) with the following infections: skin or skin structure (33), pulmonary (22), urinary tract (30), and septicemia (20). Forty-two infections were hospital-acquired, 85 patients had underlying diseases, 29 patients required concomitant surgery, and 32 patients had positive results of blood culture. Cefmenoxime dosages ranged from 4 to 12 g per day intravenously for one and a half to 51 days. Cultures revealed 183 organisms in the 105 patients. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were obtained for cefmenoxime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and moxalactam. Cefmenoxime and cefotaxime exhibited nearly equivalent activities against all organisms tested and were the most active agents tested against all aerobic and facultative organisms except Staphylococcus aureus. Mean serum peak and trough levels obtained after 2 g every six hours were 84.1 micrograms/ml (peak), 8.3 micrograms/ml (trough); and after 2 g every four hours, 106 micrograms/ml (peak) and 10.9 micrograms/ml (trough). Of 105 infections, 86 were clinically cured, three were not cured, and 16 were not evaluable. Safety studies revealed 24 transient reactions in 23 patients including eosinophilia, diarrhea, leukopenia, rash, elevated liver enzyme levels, Antabuse effect, and phlebitis. On the basis of these clinical and in vitro results, cefmenoxime is a safe drug for the treatment of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic organisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effectiveness of cefotaxime in gram-negative meningitis.

We treated 12 adult patients who had gram-negative bacillary meningitis with cefotaxime administered intravenously at a dose of 2 g every 4 hours. The etiological organisms included Haemophilus influenzae (3 cases), Serratia marcescens (3 cases), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3 cases), Escherichia coli (2 cases), and Enterobacter (1 case). The infection followed a neurosurgical procedure in 6 cases. The mean inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of cefotaxime for the isolates ranged from 0.125 to 0.25 microgram/ml. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of cefotaxime ranged from 5.0 to 15.2 micrograms/ml, and the CSF bactericidal titers were 1:64 to 1:128. The CSF in all patients was sterilized within 96 hours. All 12 patients recovered, and there were no relapses.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

In-vitro and in-vivo comparison of mezlocillin and cefoxitin.

The efficacy, toxicity, microbiology and pharmacology of cefoxitin and mezlocillin were compared in a clinical and laboratory study. In 81 patients treated with cefoxitin and 83 treated with mezlocillin, clinical and bacteriological cures were achieved in 79.2% and 85.5% respectively. Both antibiotics were effective in the treatment of septicaemia, pulmonary infections, urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal and pelvic infections and skin and soft-tissue infections. Both were also effective in the treatment of anaerobic infections. No major haematological, hepatic, or renal toxicity was encountered in patients treated with either drug.

Adolescent↗