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Biomedical subjects

A Mehrabian

Publications and source records attributed to A Mehrabian.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

General relations among drug use, alcohol use, and major indexes of psychopathology.

Relations among measures of trait anxiety, depression, panic, somatization, alcohol use, drug use, and treatment for depression were investigated because, typically, studies (a) addressed relations among subsets of only 2 or 3 of the measures and (b) dealt almost exclusively with narrow samples of the population representing extremes on 1 or 2 of the measures. In this study, relations among all 7 measures were assessed with participants representing a wide range of scores on all the measures. The 369 participants (155 men, 214 women) were sampled from the general population. Three replications of the same study consistently yielded hypothesized positive intercorrelations among all 7 scales. Factor 1 (Anxiety-Depression) included Trait Anxiety, Depression, and Panic scales. Factor 2 (Substance Abuse) included Drug Use, Alcohol Use, Treatment for Depression, and Somatization scales. Factor 2 highlighted self-medication as a defining characteristic of somatizers and corroborated findings showing that substance abuse is often a precursor to treatment for depression-like symptoms that can be ameliorated with abstinence. Factors 1 and 2 were significantly intercorrelated (r = .41, df = 367, p < .05), showing a 17% shared variance in two common groupings of psychological dysfunction (anxiety-depression, substance abuse) in the general population. Thus, depending on socioeconomic and demographic variables, a third common form of dysfunction in the general population is represented by a combination of anxiety-depression plus substance abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics attributed to individuals on the basis of their first names.

Characteristics connoted by first names were explored in 7 studies. Four factors were identified: Ethical Caring, Popular Fun, Successful, and Masculine-Feminine (Study 1, N = 165). Men's names connoted more masculine characteristics, less ethical caring, and more successful characteristics than did women's names (Study 2, N = 274). Nicknames connoted less successful characteristics, more popular fun, and less ethical caring characteristics than did given names (Study 3, N = 289). Androgynous names connoted more popular fun and less masculine characteristics for men and more popular fun, less ethical caring, and more masculine characteristics for women than did gender-specific names (Study 4, N = 378). Less conventionally spelled names connoted uniformly less attractive characteristics (Study 5, N = 145). For men only, longer names connoted more ethical caring, less popular fun, more successful, and less masculine characteristics (Study 6, N = 620). More anxiety and neuroticism were attributed to those with less common names and more exuberance was attributed to those with more attractive names (Study 7, N = 137).

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Beyond IQ: broad-based measurement of individual success potential or "emotional intelligence".

Individual-difference correlates of life success were studied using 302 participants aged 17-46 years (107 men, 195 women) and 31 individual-difference measures. Factor 1 (Relaxed Temperament) included Trait Pleasure-Displeasure (+), Anxiety (-), Depression (-), Optimism (+), Self-Esteem (+), Covert Index of Employee Reliability (+), and Functional Flexibility (-). Positively loading scales on Factor 2 (Arousable Temperament) were Trait Arousability, Emotional Empathy, Emotional Thinking, and Affiliative Tendency. Factor 3 (Disciplined Goal Orientation) included Delay of Gratification (+), Impulsivity (-), Procrastination (-), Patience (+), Integrity (+), Adaptive Coping (+), and Intelligence (+). Positively loading scales on Factor 4 (Dominant Temperament) were Trait Dominance-Submissiveness, Social Competence, Achieving Tendency, and Self-Actualization. Factors 1, 3, 4, and intelligence exhibited positive relations with all peer-rated criterion measures of life success. Trait Arousability, representing Factor 2, correlated negatively with relationship, physical, work, and overall success. Physical attractiveness correlated positively with all success measures except emotional success. When success measures were regressed against intelligence and personality scales or factors, intelligence did not account for variance beyond that explained by personality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Correlations of the PAD Emotion Scales with self-reported satisfaction in marriage and work.

The PAD (Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance) Emotion Model was used to summarize existing data and to investigate emotional correlates of satisfaction-dissatisfaction at work and in marriage. Ages of the married and employed participants were as follows: Study 1: M = 35.7, SD = 10.5; Study 2: M = 36.6, SD = 9.6. For all participants in both studies, Work Satisfaction (WSS) was correlated positively (p < .05) with pleasure, r(289) = .60; arousal, r(289) = .45; and dominance, r(289) = .51. Similarly, across both studies, Marital Satisfaction (MSS) was correlated positively (p < .05) with pleasure, r(289) = .72; and arousal, r(289) = .45; but was not significantly related to dominance, r(289) = .11. The relation of dominance to satisfaction at work but not in marriage was interpreted in terms of the greater likelihood of adversarial and competitive relationships at work versus greater prevalence of shared values and goals in marriage. WSS/MSS correlations were positive and significant in both studies: Study 1, r(148) = .28; Study 2, r(139) = .30. Similarities of the emotional correlates of satisfaction-dissatisfaction in marriage and work could have accounted for part of the carryover of satisfaction from marriage to work and vice versa.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of affiliation-related traits in terms of the PAD Temperament Model.

Affiliation-related traits were explored using findings relating to the Affiliative Tendency (MAFF) and Sensitivity to Rejection (MSR) scales and 3 nearly independent dimensions of the PAD Temperament Model: trait pleasure-displeasure (P), trait arousability (A), and trait dominance-submissiveness (D). Summary equations showed that Affiliative Tendency involved pleasantness and arousability [.66P + .34A], whereas Sensitivity to Rejection was mostly submissiveness [.15A - .85D]. Dependency resembled affiliative tendency but also included submissiveness [.26P + .30A - .44D]. Emotional empathy also resembled affiliative tendency but emphasized arousability over pleasantness [.30P + .70A]. Conformity consisted only of submissiveness. Loneliness [-.77P - .23D] resembled boredom and depression. Popularity, moderately opposed to loneliness [.45P + .17A + .38D] resembled the MAFF augmented by dominance. Shyness [-.30P + .13A -.57D] resembled anxiety and neuroticism.

Arousal↗
PubMed1997

Emotional correlates of preferences for situation-activity combinations in everyday life.

Emotional correlates of preferences for everyday situation-activity combinations were explored using the PAD (Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance) Emotion Model. Preferences were assessed using a comprehensive sample of emotionally balanced situations, given in its entirety in the Appendix, because of its potential utility to investigators. Results for all situations and also for only the subgroup of pleasant situations showed that pleasure and dominance were positive correlates of preference. Specifically, for pleasant situations, preferences did not differ for exciting versus relaxing situations; also, exciting and relaxing situations were preferred more than amazing or protecting ones. Results for only the subgroup of unpleasant situations showed negative arousal/preference and positive dominance/preference relations. Specifically, situations that elicited disdain were preferred to those that produced anger and those that elicited boredom; boring and anger-eliciting settings were preferred to those that engendered distress.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Temperament and personality as functions of age.

Age-related differences in three temperament (Trait Pleasure-displeasure, Trait Arousability, Trait-Dominance-submissiveness), and four personality (Achieving Tendency, Conformity, Shyness, Loneliness), scales were explored in three studies. Results, generally, were consistent with the hypothesis that scores on Trait Dominance and on trait measures that correlated positively with Trait Dominance (e.g., achievement) were lower for older persons. Achieving Tendency (assessed in Studies One and Three) was lower for older persons. Trait Dominance (assessed in 2 studies) was lower for older men and women in Study Two and lower for older women only in Study Three. In Study Three, two strong negative correlates of Trait Dominance (Conformity, Shyness) were higher for older women. Based on a consistent absence of age/Trait Pleasure relationships, no age-related differences in psychological adjustment-maladjustment were implied by the findings.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Relationships among three general approaches to personality description.

The present study was designed to investigate relationships among three basic models used in research on personality description: Wiggins's (1979) Circumplex, Goldberg's (1992) Big-Five, and Mehrabian's (1978, 1980) PAD Temperament models. Wiggins's Nurturance and Dominance scales were highly reliable and nearly independent, as were Mehrabian's Trait Pleasure, Trait Arousability, and Trait Dominance scales. The Big-Five scales exhibited lower reliabilities and an average interscale correlation of .21 for the Opaque and .39 for the Transparent scales. Regression and factor analyses showed that basic factors of pleasantness (Goldberg's Agreeableness, Wiggins's Nurturance, and Mehrabian's Trait Pleasure), dominance (Wiggins's Dominance and Mehrabian's Trait Dominance), and arousability (Mehrabian's Trait Arousability) provided a sufficient and reasonably parsimonious description of the variance in all the scales investigated.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Framework for a comprehensive description and measurement of emotional states.

The rationale for a general three-dimensional approach to measuring emotions (the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance, PAD, Emotional-State Model) is described. Evidence bearing on two early versions of the PAD scales is reviewed, and three studies report additional development and refinement of a final set of PAD scales. Factor analysis of 58 PAD items in Study 1, 41 PAD items in Study 2, and 34 PAD items in Study 3 consistently yielded three nearly orthogonal Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance factors. The final 16-item State Pleasure, 9-item State Arousal, and 9-item State Dominance scales had alpha reliability coefficients of .97, .89, and .80, respectively. Across Studies 2 and 3, intercorrelations among the latter three scales did not exceed .09 in absolute value, showing that the scales provided a parsimonious base for the general assessment of emotional states. Discriminant and construct validity evidence for the scales were reviewed. Potential applications of the scales were noted.

Arousal↗
PubMed1994

Effects of color on emotions.

Emotional reactions to color hue, saturation, and brightness (Munsell color system and color chips) were investigated using the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance emotion model. Saturation (S) and brightness (B) evidenced strong and consistent effects on emotions. Regression equations for standardized variables were; Pleasure = .69B + .22S, Arousal = -.31B + .60S, Dominance = -.76B + .32S. Brightness effects were nearly the same for chromatic and achromatic colors. Blue, blue-green, green, red-purple, purple, and purple-blue were the most pleasant hues, whereas yellow and green-yellow were the least pleasant. Green-yellow, blue-green, and green were the most arousing, whereas purple-blue and yellow-red were the least arousing. Green-yellow induced greater dominance than red-purple.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Patterns of drug use among young adults.

The present study assessed patterns of multiple drug use among a sample of university employees and students who had been identified as having moderately high drug use habits. Use of eleven categories of legal and illegal drugs was tested and subjects reported how much of each drug they currently and habitually used. Factor analysis yielded three factors of drug use. Four of the items in the first factor (hallucinogens, cocaine, marijuana, alcohol) exhibited moderately strong and positive intercorrelations, suggesting that this particular pattern of drug use was the most common and/or reliable among young adult drug users. Sedatives and opiates were the highest loading items on the second factor, suggesting a pattern of drug use motivated by the desire for relaxation and stress avoidance. The third factor identified a pattern of legal stimulant use involving two of the three food-like categories of items employed in the present study (i.e., caffeinated cola beverages and chocolate, but not coffee). The results provided only mixed support for the hypothesis that categories of drugs with similar pharmacological properties define patterns of multiple drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Personality correlates of habitual alcohol use.

The first part of this study explored relationships of 41 individual-difference measures to an earlier self-report measure of habitual alcohol use. Five measures of individual differences relating to anxiety exhibited negative correlations with habitual alcohol use. Also, obesity was not correlated significantly with alcohol use. The second part showed that a bored temperament was associated with the highest level, and a docile temperament was associated with the lowest level of habitual alcohol use. The second lowest level of habitual alcohol use was associated with an anxious temperament.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The effects of day care on young children: an environmental psychology approach.

The present paper presents a framework for characterizing the emotional impact of day care environments and for predicting the consequent effects on child emotional reactions to day care and to separation, extent of active involvement in day care, and long-term effects of day care on cognitive and intellectual development. The physical and social environment of day care is characterized in terms of its emotional impact with use of three orthogonal dimensions: pleasure-displeasure, arousal-nonarousal, and dominance-submissiveness. Approach toward, or preference for, any setting is then predicted in terms of its emotional impact. Finally, day care settings are ordered in terms of their beneficial-detrimental effects by simply considering children's preference levels (approach) for the settings.

Anxiety, Separation↗