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Biomedical subjects

A M Prince

Publications and source records attributed to A M Prince.

270 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
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Prevention of hepatitis B infections by passive immunization.

Experience with the use of standard immune serum globulin (ISG) and the more recently available hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is reviewed. The biologic phenomena which could be affected by passive immunization are discussed, as are recommendations for the use of these forms of passive immunization in the prevention of hepatitis B infections.

Adult↗
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More vaccine needed.

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Hepatitis B↗
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beta-propiolactone/ultraviolet irradiation: a review of its effectiveness for inactivation of viruses in blood derivatives.

The efficacy of combined beta-propiolactone/ultraviolet irradiation (betaPL/UV) for inactivation of hepatitis B virus in labile blood derivatives has been reviewed. The initial evaluations of these procedures were hampered by inadequate process control that resulted in excessive protein denaturation; furthermore, adequate evaluation of process efficacy for virus inactivation was prevented by the absence of titered hepatitis virus stocks, the lack of an animal model, and the failure to carry out controlled trials. Finally, it was not appreciated that the power of these procedures lay especially in their use in combination. These deficits have now been remedied. To permit quantitation of process efficacy, a regression analysis of the relation between virus dose and incubation period in chimpanzees has been carried out. This has provided a means of estimating virus titer and determining the accuracy of such estimates. The most recent data suggest that betaPL/UV can reduce the titer of hepatitis B virus about 10 million fold (10(-7)). The process efficacy for betaPL/UV followed by the special adsorption procedures used in preparation of a stabilized human serum containing most human serum proteins except for factor VIII, the factor IX complex, fibrinogen, and the lipoproteins was estimated as a 10(8)-fold reduction in virus titer. This degree of virus inactivation should be more than sufficient to sterilize the amounts of hepatitis B virus that could be expected in pooled human plasma that has been screened for hepatitis B surface antigen. Preliminary data also suggest that the betaPL/UV procedure effectively inactivates non-A, non-B hepatitis virus(es).

Animals↗
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Intrafamilial spread of asymptomatic hepatitis B.

A survey of 751 families with a total number of more than 3,200 individuals was carried out. The sex-age standardized prevalence of serologic evidence of hepatitis B (HB) was, in familes with an index-donor antigen positive, ten times as high, and in those with an index-donor antibody positive, two of three times as high as in control families of the same ethnic background. The frequency of familial aggregation (two or more cases) was also unusually high (39-48 per cent). Familial prevalence and aggregation were found to be associated with family size. The highest prevalence of antigenemia was observed among sibs and patients (11 to 34 per cent) and the lowest among spouses (0 to 5 per cent). Sibs matched to the index-carriers by age showed a four to sixfold higher antigen prevalence than unmatched sibs. An excellent fit with the recessive inheritance hypothesis was obtained in genetic segregation analyses. In two of three matings with both members antigen positive, all progeny were found to be antigen positive. This study provided evidence indicating that familial aggregation and segregation of HB are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A clinical and laboratory evaluation of immune serum globulin from donors with a history of hepatitis: attempted prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis.

A controlled trial of passive immunization for prevention of post-transfusion viral hepatitis was carried out in order to determine whether effective levels of antibody were present in the "convalescent" immune serum globulin used in the study. This globulin was prepared selectively from plasma of donors giving a history of overt viral hepatitis two or more years earlier. The proportion of contributors to the globulin who had B hepatitis was unknown but the final product contained a low titer of antibody to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (anti-HBs). The failure of 20 ml of immune serum globulin to reduce the incidence of type B post-transfusion hepatitis (7/93) below that of placebo-treated controls (8/102) was not unexpected in view of the globulin's low titer of anti-HBs. However, more than two thirds of the post-transfusion cases were not type B and were as plentiful among globulin recipients (17/93) as among controls (17/102). Although some of the donors from whom the immune serum globulin was obtained may once have had the same type(s) of hepatitis as the non-B cases currently observed in transfusion recipients, the globulin apparently did not contain enough specific antibody to confer protection in the dose schedule tested.

Antibodies, Viral↗
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The etiology of chronic active hepatitis in Korea.

In a study of apparently normal, healthy Korean Army recruits performed in 1962, we found that 42 of 1,906 screened subjects had elevations of their serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase. Liver biopsies were obtained from 32 of these subjects and 9 of these had a "novel" antigen present, which reacted specifically with a convalescent serum from a case of serum hepatitis. We have recently tested frozen serum obtained from 8/9 of these cases and found that all 8 had HBsAg in their serum which, in some cases, persisted for at least three months. We reviewed the histological specimens from the original 32 cases using newly defined criteria: 18 were diagnosed as chronic active hepatitis and the 8 HbsAg positive cases with the "novel" antigen were in this group. In four of these cases the lesion appeared to progress to cirrhosis during a 3--4 month follow-up period. Since none of the cases had a prior history of hepatitis and no symptoms developed during the follow-up period, our findings emphasize the significance of chronic hepatitis B virus carrier state in the etiology of cryptogenic cirrhosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chimpanzees in AIDS research: a biomedical and bioethical perspective.

The present article represents a consensus view of the appropriate utilization of chimpanzees in AIDS research arrived at as a result of a meeting of a group of scientists involved in AIDS research with chimpanzees and bioethicists. The paper considers which types of studies are scientifically justifiable in this species, the conditions under which such studies should be carried out, and the conditions which should be encouraged for post-experimental retirement of these animals.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗